European colonization study Guide Essay

The Monroe article of belief was essentially intended to prevent the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization. European motives would attempt to restore Spains former colonies, attempts would be drawed as a hostile carry against the U. S snatch Continental coitus intercolonial assembly that met in Philadelphia on may 10, 1775 all thirteen colonies were represent st rachitic wanted to just get British acts repealed and wrote new appeals to British populate and king, but raised money to create an army and naval forces Articles of Confederation Adopted in 1777 during the extremist War, the Articles established the United States of the States.The Articles disposed(p) limited powers to the interchange govern custodyt, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly be interior(a) state that couldnt govern the plains cash in hand or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789 Battles of Lexington and Concord The appoint ments of L exington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor doubting doubting doubting Thomas gage sent parade to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the maiden shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war.The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense in 1776 helped American public recognize the need to separate from the crown Lexington and Concord the first battle of the Revolutionary War in April 1775 twenty thousand musket-bearing handsome Men swarmed around Boston, thehre to coop up the outnumbered British Yorktown where Cornwallis was oblige to surrender his entire force of seven thousand men on October 19, 1781 to Washington and de Grasse Saratoga where Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire com spelld on Octor 17, 1777 to American general Horatio Gates agreement of genus Paris- 1783 treaty in which British formally rec ognized the independence of the United States allow generous boundaries ( disseminated sclerosis River to vast Lakes to Spanish Florida plus a sh are in the priceless fisheries on radicalfoundland) Americans could no longer persecute Loyalists and had to restore their property to them states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of debt-collecting from British George Washington selected by the Second Continental sexual intercourse to head the improvised colonial army in Boston had very little experience, but was of good character and was a Virginian (eased southern colonists minds about creating a big New England army) led the battle at Trenton Declaration of Independence write by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 based on Richard Henry Lees response formally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776 horse parsley Hamilton Hamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leasher of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Fed eralist Papers.Later, as secretary of treasury to a lower place Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the regimes Federalist initiatives, most notably by means of the domain of the Bank of the United States. Alien and Sedition Acts A series of laws that want to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies (1798) Dorothea Dix Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients created first wave of US mental asylums Federalists Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged transaction and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the earlyish years of the United States.The Federalist influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention. Indian removal act This act granted the president funds and authority to remov e indigenous Americans (1830) The XYZ Affair Three French agents asked for over ten million dollars in tribute before they would begin diplomatic talks with America. When Americans heard the news, they were outraged. Adams unflinching to strengthen the Navy to show France that America was a force to be reckoned with Treaty of Ghent Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions Treaty of Guadalupe -HidalgoEnded Mexican War US received Texas (with Rio Grande border) and other states US paid Mexico $15 million dollarsTreaty of Paris (1763)The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the reduplicate French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi. Virginia throw The Virginia Plan was presented to the Constitutional Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislative assembly with representation in both houses proportional to p opulation. The Virginia Plan favored the large-mouthed states, which would have a much greater voice. In immunity, the small states proposed the New Jersey Plan. In the end, the two sides found common ground through the Connecticut Compromise. William Lloyd Garrison White Abolitionist Early 1800s ublished The Liberator The Jay Treaty Treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the US westerlyern edge (1794) The Pinckney Treaty Treaty with Spain which opened trade and re delineate Florida boundary (1795) Tariff of Abomi countrys 1828 as well as called Tariff of 1828, it raised the obligation on imported manufactured goods. The responsibility protected the North but harmed the South South said that the tariff was sparingally discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated states rights. moment Compromise Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a break ones back state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited thraldom north of latitude 36? 0 within the lah dirt (1820) Henry Clays American System Plan for economic growth establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the countrys transporation system Embargo Act In response to impressment, this bill halted all foreign trade with disastrous economic consequences (1807) Articles of Confederation Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldnt govern the countrys monetary resource or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789 Whigs The Whigs were originally colonists supporting independence. In the mid 1830s, the Whig disassembley opposed Jacksons strong-armed leadership ardor and policies.The Whigs promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government. R distributivelying its height of popularity in the 1830s, the Whigs disappeared from the national political scene by the 1850s. The Whiskey revolt group of farmers refused to pay federal excise impose on whiskey, Washington responds decisively with troops (1794) tush Locke believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property stated the government is created by the people for the people Sons of Liberty A radical political government for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the effect Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept.After the repeal of the stump Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. Crispus Attucks One of the first men to die in the Boston Massacre. 1770 Battle of Bunker Hill May 1775 Tiny American fo rce under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold surprise and captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in Upper New York. pulverisation and artillary for the siege at Boston was obtained. June 1775 Colonists siezed Bunker Hill (Breeds Hill). Americans numbering 1500 soldiers slaughtered the advancing redcoats.Colonists were short on gunpowder and were foced to abandon the hill. Daniel Shays led a rebellion because farmers were unable to pay in Continental Dollars and banks were foreclosing farms in Massachusetts. checks and balances created because of the bicameral legislature. A system that ensured that no particular branch of government gained overly much power over another. It demonstrated the fear of absolute power in one group/individual as well as preventing one branch from overpowering the others. Constitutional Convention convenes to revise Articles of Confederation, suggested that a new Constitution be written. Land Ordinance of 1785 land in the northwest wo uld be surveyed and then sold to help pay debt. corking Compromise aka the Connecticut Plan, combined the Large State Plan and the midget State Plan created the bicameral legislature (House of Representatives and Senate). Shays Rebellion 1786-1787 farmers couldnt pay their debts with Continental Dollars, banks were foreclosing farms in Massachusetts, rebellion led by Daniel Shays articles need to be revised. Bank of the United States 1791, gives sense of unity, debt shouldered by federal government, place to keep money. 3/5 Compromise It was a compromise between the northern states with the southern ones that decided that although slaves were not citizens, separately one would count as 3/5 of a man for representation. It got Southern states to signal the constitution.Federalist Papers The papers were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was to convince the New Yor k state legislature to ratify the constitution, which it did. Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme Court and zone courts (1789) Publius Elderly senator who witnesses the assassination Brutus sends him out to tell the citizens that no one else ordain be harmed Bill Of Rights Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny.The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the accomplished rights of American citizens. Marbury v. Madison(1803) Marbury was a mid dark appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief arbiter Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this have intercourse was unconstitutional. established judicial review Thomas Jefferson A prominent statesman, Th omas Jefferson became George Washingtons first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government.As the nations third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American disinterest War of 1812 Resulted from Britains support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (1812 1815) The Louisiana Purchase U. S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation. The Lewis and Clark Expidition Overland expedition to the Pacific coast lead by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Commissioned by President Jefferson, the expedition of the far west brought back a wealth of scientific data about the country and its resources. 804-1806 War Hawks Congressional leaders who in 1811/1812 called for war against Britain to respect Americas maritime rights. Samuel Slater Father of the Factory System in America. Skelled British mechanic of 21 who was attracted by bounties being offered to British workers beaten(prenominal) with the textile machines. Industrial Revolution The period where western expansion and urbanisation happened in America distinguished by factories, new inventors improved transportation, conversation and production. Lowell System Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few virtuoso(prenominal) workers were needed in the process, nd the workers were almost all single late farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. DeWitt Clinton Governor whose grand project was the Erie Canal which linked the Great Lakes to the Hudson River. John Quincy Adams Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams work. Abolitionism The militant suit to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840.Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the 1830s to the Civil War. John C. Calhoun Part of the immortal trio Great Nullifer, proposed to leave slavery alone, return laugher slaves, give the south its right as a minority view that presidents elected, one from south and one from north. Frederick Douglas Self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglas became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star. Grimke Sisters An gelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance travail, and the abolitionist movement. Horace Mann smart and idealistic graduate of Brown University.Secretary of Massachusettes Board of Education, campaigned effectively for more and better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expand curriculum. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Mother of seven who had insisted on leaving obey out of her sexual union ceremony, shocked fellow feminists by going so far as to advocate suffrage for women. Womens Rights Convention Convention for women advocates at Seneca travel to rewrite the Declaration of Independence to include women. All men and women are created equal -Declaration of Sentiments Declaration of Sentiments Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal).It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women. Susan B. Anthony Militant l ecturer for womens rights who fearlessly exposed herself to rotten garbage and vulgar epithets. Transcendentalism Belief in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasise emotions.Ralph Waldo Emerson Leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance, spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the abolitionists. Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalist and friend of Emerson who lived alone on Walden Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden. On Civil Disobedience, he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a jacket tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American Wa r, and spent a night in jail. Extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance). Margaret Fuller Social reformer, leader in womens movement and a transcendentalist.Edited The Dial which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted absolute freedom progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the prox will not always be as the past. Alamo- Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force. San Jacinto- surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Anas camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Anas men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an truce securing Texas independence. Mexico 1500 dead 1000 captured Texans 4 dead.