Education, Social Class and Self-Interest in Rebecca Rushs Novel Kelroy :: Rebecca Rush Kelroy Essays

Education, Social Class and Self-Interest in Rebecca Rushs Novel Kelroy Kelroy, by Rebecca Rush, was first published in 1812. Early American writers had a high-strung time writing gothic style writings because of the lack of history, which was not a problem faced by European writers. Kelroy is an extremely cynical discern of American life and it was not well accepted by Americans, despite the fact that it is seen as one of the best written novels in America out front 1820(231). Three themes from Kelroy, which demonstrate the focus of many early Americans, are Education, Social Class, and Self-Interest. Education was beginning to become extremely important in the early 1800s, especially for women. Reading habits of the characters was often emphasized in literary works of this time period because it was an important issue that was being faced. For example, in Kelroy, Mrs. Hammond applied herself sedulously to the development of her daughters, and engaged a person to resid e with them in quality of governess, who was, in her estimation, fully adequate to the task, since to a variety of accomplishments, she enjoyed an infinity of that species of self-important pride, which teaches its owner instinctively to shun the approaches of the vulgar. She also had masters from the city, to attend them at stated times thus uniting in her plan, to real benefit, an air of lofty superiority(4-5). However, Mrs. Hammonds need behind educating her daughters was not necessarily for their benefit, but her own. The appearance of being able to afford educating her daughters, which would lead others to believe that she was wealthy (and many did believe) was a key bonus for Mrs. Hammond. The ability to direct was possessed by many women in the 1800s, but writing was not as common, which meant that Mrs. Hammonds daughters, as well as Mrs. Hammond, would have been considered break off educated that most women because they could read and write. In contrast with the Ham mond girls, we have Maria, from Royall Tylers The Contrast, who reads the dreaded romantic novels, which is not considered to be a favored pastime. Speaking of Maria, Letitia says, Why she read Sir Charles Grandison, Clarissa Harlowe, Shenstone, and the Sentimental Journey, and between whiles, as I said, Billys letters. But as her taste improved, her love declined(1151).

Epic of Gilgamesh and Book of Genesis of the Holy Bible Essay -- Epic

Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Genesis History tells us that since we have been able to write, our human race has had the habit of recording historical tales, or stories. intimately of the first stories were tales of heroic men, scouring their land in search of approximately noble prize. These stories are known as epic poems, and they beget us an excellent cerebration of the lifestyles and basic thought processes of early globe. Along the lines of these epics are the accounts told in the Bible, especially those in the Old Testament. As with the epics, these legends give us some spiritual conceit of the beginning of time and the accounts of early man. If we compare the stories and characters of the first epic, The Epic of Gilgamesh, with those of the first chapter of the Bible, Genesis, we not only discover some striking similarities, but also some notable differences. If there is one thing that all early accounts revolve around, that is the idea of a divine bein g or, in other words, god. Early humans were extremely religious, holding the belief that their very lives were in the hands of their god. This holds true for both the people of biblical times as easily as those of the epic era. However, even as both groups believed in a supreme being, they harbored different feelings and beliefs about the subject. In the epic, many gods are mentioned and worshiped, such as Ninsun and Shamash. These gods can give birth to mortals, and can communicate with these mortals, usually through dreams. In Genesis, there is mention of only one God, a being that created the earth and skies, as well as huma... ...nces in the Bible it rained for forty days, and in the epic only seven. In Genesis, Adam and Eve try to become god-like by eating the veto fruit. In the epic, Gilgamesh attempts to be a god by gaining everlasting life. In both cases, neither succeed. The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Genesis are two of the earlier accounts of human c ivilization. In their own way, they set an example of how the population of the past lived. They also set guidelines for the way that we could live our lives. By reading of the commitment that Abraham do and the mistakes that Gilgamesh and Adam made, we can shape our own lives. Through the differences and similarities, both accounts hold as much value for the people of today as they did for the people who wrote them.

Should I Use an e-Business Broker When I Buy a Website? :: Sell Websites Buy Web Sites

Should I Use an e-Business Broker When I Buy a Website?Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.comA website broke is same to a real estate broker to the extent that they try to put buyers and sellers together. Instead of real estate being sold, they focus on websites. The criteria to become a website broker vary from state to state and their individual training, history, specialty and argona of expertise atomic number 18 things that you must investigate. Some website brokers run short independently while others work for a website brokerage company. Website Brokers work on commission and if you do not ultimately buy a business then any work that they wealthy person done for you is not compensated.If you hire a website broker, it is critical that you hire the right one. A website Broker may be able to provide you with access to websites that are available for sale that you would never be able to find on your own. They can narrow the search for you to websites that fit your criteria and they can help you avoid a lot of wasted time. The one thing that brokers cannot do is to find a website that is right for you. This is something that only you can do. Brokers clearly prefer to work with knowledgeable buyers and if they receive to spend their time educating you then they cannot make money. They can be an effective tool for you to use if you can provide them with a clear mandate of what it is that you are looking to buy. Avoid generalities explain your strengths, weaknesses and objectives and never mislead them. Ninety percent of the potential buyers that brokers work with never buy a business. While this is part of the attempt involved in their chosen profession, this does not give you the right to waste their time. Accordingly, they may be somewhat hesitant when working with new clients until you demonstrate your earnestness and commitment to buying a website. There is no doubt that if you are a serious and educated buyer then a good broker will go above and beyond the call of duty to service your needs. Be respectful of their time and realize that they have to make a living. If at any time you decide to drop out of the hunt to buy a website then let them know immediately. Conversely, if you do not feel that they are extending their best efforts on your behalf then find another one.

The Bull Market of Television and Bear Market Of Responsibility Essay

The Bull Market of Television and Bear Market Of Responsibility The inanimate, lifeless object consists of 10 feet of copper wiring, a hardwired main board, thousands of electrical switches and receivers, all compactly encased in 25 pounds of hardened plastic. This plastic box occupies minimal space, requires electrical brawniness just greater than a toaster, and can be purchased anywhere in America for under $100. It is more accessible, prevalent, and influential than any other person, place, event, or subject this world has every seen and to many it acts as the present day Hitler carrying out genocide on Americas value system, societal fabric, and treasured democracy. prove groups, conservative parties, and Christian coalitions decry its ubiquitous influence and demand reform from the syndicates. All about this box of wires camps crowds rise up to cast the first stones in the name of America, ignorant that the blood they spill is the very life of the capitalistic process that has adopt to epitomize the United States of America. Television should not and does not ask the responsibility of being the projector and champion of societys ideal and sought after utopia. Like every other product or business that has come from the grove of America, it is a fruit of capitalism and exists solely and absolutely for revenue. To say this product is the arena for social reform and advancement corrodes the very ideal of relax enterprise and this persecution is in itself an end to social reform and advancement. The deification of television places societys failures and faults as televisions failures and faults. Critics condemn television for its hot tone, lack of equal ethnic representation, low moral values, manipulative ta... ...ssesses the nutritional substance of bubblegum. Americans have developed an insatiable appetite not for culture and fine art moreover for violent, sexual, graphic entertainment consumed like food, forgotten and replaced by a new dish on the menu of TV Guide. In American capitalistic society, television syndicates fall over themselves to supply Americas growing addiction. America exists diseased and television functions as the typhoid Mary that spreads this disease. Americans outraged with the condition of the United States seek to heal America by healing television. Television acts not as the cause of the disorder but as a symptom and a vice of the infection. Until society faces the true culprit in the mirror and own to their part in the decline of a once proud nation, iniquitous debauchery will remain as an untreated, unseen cancer slowly killing America.

The Opportunities for Excellence :: Philosophy of Teaching Education Essays

The Opportunities for ExcellenceLike many other students in the public school system, I had my sh are of good teachers and bad teachers, but I erudite valuable things from each of them from the good teachers, inspiration to enter education and how to be a good teacher, from the bad teachers, if nothing else, what not to be. As important as education is to childrens success in life, they should behave as many positive influences as possible. I allow strive to be the best teacher I can be, not only to be marked as one of the good, but one of the great teachers of education.As a student, I found the good teachers to be those that went the extra mile to help children fulfill individual interests. Sponsorship of clubs and organizations, home visits, etc. have been traditional methods of supplementing education, but computers and the Internet have given rise to many new avenues, such as e-mail correspondence and more powerful, contemporary research information. Recent coordination of colleges and high schools has also provided students kindle in attending college the opportunity to advance their pursuits in continued education by allowing them to correlate their high school classes with the college curriculum for dual credit. I will use these tools, along with many others, to heighten the educational experience for my students.I also recall my good teachers as moral role models. Their upstanding character, candor and ecumenic nature were reflected in their students, as will the traits of future teachers for many years to come. Also, the trend continues for children to have less and less influence at home, be it due to non-traditional families, both parents working, etc. Even more, a great diversity of classroom ethnicity introduces a broader set of values, and further challenges teachers to be open to other cultures. They are also given the responsibility of enculturation, conveying the appreciation of other cultures to their students. This can amou nt to as little as contribution and additive methods, appending other cultures ideas into nerve centre philosophy, to as much as transformation or social action, integrating other cultures into the curriculum as part of the norm. All of these factors leave a greater weight of shaping childrens mindset on teachers. As an upcoming educator, I feel a great responsibility to maintain respectability and general good character as a positive example for my students.

The Opportunities for Excellence :: Philosophy of Teaching Education Essays

The Opportunities for ExcellenceLike many different students in the public schooling system, I had my share of good teachers and bad teachers, but I learned valuable things from each of them from the good teachers, inspiration to enter education and how to be a good teacher, from the bad teachers, if nothing else, what not to be. As important as education is to childrens success in life, they should have as many imperative influences as possible. I will strive to be the best teacher I can be, not only to be marked as angiotensin converting enzyme of the good, but one of the great teachers of education.As a student, I found the good teachers to be those that went the extra mile to help children fulfill case-by-case interests. Sponsorship of clubs and organizations, home visits, etc. have been traditional methods of supplementing education, but computers and the Internet have given rise to many new avenues, such as e-mail residuum and more powerful, contemporary research infor mation. Recent coordination of colleges and high schools has as well provided students interested in attending college the opportunity to advance their pursuits in continued education by allowing them to correlate their high school classes with the college curriculum for dual credit. I will use these tools, along with many others, to heighten the educational experience for my students.I also recall my good teachers as moral role models. Their upstanding character, fairness and general nature were reflected in their students, as will the traits of future teachers for many old age to come. Also, the trend continues for children to have less and less influence at home, be it due to non-traditional families, both parents working, etc. Even more, a greater diversity of schoolroom ethnicity introduces a broader set of values, and further challenges teachers to be open to other cultures. They are also given the responsibility of enculturation, conveying the appreciation of other c ultures to their students. This can measuring to as little as contribution and additive methods, appending other cultures ideas into core philosophy, to as much as transformation or social action, integrating other cultures into the curriculum as part of the norm. All of these factors leave a greater weight of shaping childrens mindset on teachers. As an upcoming educator, I feel a great responsibility to maintain respectability and general good character as a positive example for my students.

Path Goal Theory Essay

I have elect the moving-picture show Miracle as an illustration of an individual, Herb abide, fulfilling the parameters of Robert Houses Path-Goal Theory . There are flushts that one witnesses end-to-end ones life that for various reasons leave an indelible imprint on ones heart and soul. The unexpected victory of the US ice field field hockey over the heavily favored Russian team up in the 1980 Olympic Games was one of those events. I was at a cocktail party and someone turned on the TV and soon the entire group was gathered around the set, small talk forgotten, as what has been described as the greatest sporting event of the twentieth century unfolded. The country was still recovering from the negative effects of the Vietnam War, a weak Jimmy Carter presidency , and enduring a low point in national pride and optimism as Japan and Germany seemed to be gaining control of the world economy as our military dominance seemed to be slipping away.As the last buzzer rang and the Do you believe in Miracles? issued from the TV, you could feel the surge in national pride and optimism that swept through our little group and of course through bring out the whole country. Herb countenance supplies an extraordinary use of a positive example of Houses path -goal speculation, which basically states that the loss leaders, managers, or in this example the coachs mission is to guide his subordinates to follow the topper paths to pass their goals. According to the theory , the leader employs a variety of leaders behaviors( directive, achievement-oriented , participative, and confirmatory) to accomplish his mission. The theory also postulates that each behavior type was affected by contingency variables, environmental and henchman characteristics. The movie afforded a clear picture of the flexibility undeniable by a leader as he guides and inspires his group to achieve their common goal by mastery amply applying the following four diverse leadership behaviors 1 ) endure employed directive path- goal leader behavior (situations where the leader lets followers know what is expected of them and tells them how to suffice their task.-Wikipedia) throughout the majority of the film. after(prenominal)(prenominal) the tryouts Coach Brooks immediately sets the tone of his coaching regime by informing his assistant and lastly the Olympic ice hockey advisory board that he would non consult either of them when deciding the make-up of the squad. He had basically done extensive homeworkon all of the impostors, most of whom he was acquainted(predicate) with through his college experience. Brooks also makes it well known that he is not looking for the best players but the right players. This statement sets the tone for the rest of the movie. As a seasoned coach Brooks recognizes that the best path to success lies in building a real team, whose whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and clearly avoids choosing a dysfunctional dream team. This ex ample also exemplifies the effect of an environmental contingency particularor on leader behavior (directive) as Brooks recognizes and effectively chooses behavior that will deal with the formal authority system (Olympic hockey board) and allow him to implement his coaching strategies without interference.A second example of Brooks use of directive leadership techniques is demonstrated by his frequently asking the players , Who do you play for?. Early on in the film , they uniformly do with the names of their college teams, demonstrating, as Brooks has recognized, that they are still a group of competitive modern men and not a team. He continually challenges them, particularly after a fight between former collegiate rivals , to start becoming a team and to depend upon flow , passing , and creativity-Who do you play for?. This example flows into the third example his strong directive leadership abilities when after an exhibition loss to the Swedish national team, he makes the p layers brook after the game to skate sprint drills. In between sprints he informs them that if they dont want to work during the game, then they can work after it. He tells them that they dont have enough talent to win on talent alone and that the name on the front of their jersey means a lot more than the one on the back. He repeats his message of win or loose, play same(p) champions.Over and over Brooks shouts Again , drive the players to exhaustion. He doesnt stop, ignoring the pleas of his assistants, until the future team Captain, Mike Eruzione, states I play for team USA. Brooks lets them go and a turning point has been reached. They are in the prospicient run becoming a team , one of destiny with a common purpose. This also is another example of Brooks employing directive leadership to reach a goal despite the effect of a subordinate contingency factor, locus of control. When the team first came together, they were group of highly competitive and independent group of y oung men hwho identified with their past institutions. Their locus of control was mainly internal and Brooks, with his c at oncept of a cohesive tem, dependentupon another and the coach for direction, gradually sorrowful their locus of control toward a more external variety, I play for team USA. He has imposed his will on the team and he is now able to lead direct them completion of their common goal.A third and clear example of directive leadership occurs during a session in the film room where he instructs the team on the tactics and strategy they will employ to be able to stay with the more individually sharp Russians and eventually beat them late in the game .He tells them that they will be better teach than their adversaries and that they will attack instead of def mop up. This example also illustrates Brooks employment of Directive Leadership taking into consideration the effect s Of Environmental ( task structure)and Subordinate(Percieved office) Con tingency Factors to enable the team to reach its net goal. After the film session , Brooks has not only clarified the task structure but has de ticketd the teams perception of their abilities so that they are now gaining confidence that those abilities will be sufficient to achieve their goal.2) Brooks also employed Achievement- point Leadership (AOL) behavior( situations where the leader sets challenging goals for followers, expects them to perform at their highest level, and shows confidence in their ability to met this expectation.-Wikipedia) throughout the film in various appropriate situations. The first occurrence takes place when Brooks gathers his newly chosen squad sets and sets lofty goals for the team. He tells them they are not just s guideding to the Olympics to show but to legitimately compete.He reinforces their already apparent confidence of having already survived a rigorous tryout and warns them that only 20 names will appear on the concluding examination roster and that more of them will be going home. I believe Brooks choice of this leadership type behavior was influenced by a Subordinate contingency factor-Experience. Brooks correctly recognizes that his new teams experience is limited when compared to the other international teams and that confidence in their abilities is an important cornerstone in the team foundation and that the moment called for Achievement Oriented Leadership Behavior.Brooks has correctly identified that his squad would need to be superbly conditioned if they could hope to achieve one of their major goals-beingable to stay close to the more individually talented and experienced Russians and then outskate them at the end and secure victory. To achieve this announced goal of being the best conditioned team at the Olympic games , Brooks once again employs AOL as he challenges his highly competitive group of players to reach this goal with frequent learn drills. His slogan of the legs feed the wolves becomes almost a battle cry and is heard frequently throughout the film as he encourages the players to meet the high physiologic standards he has set as their goal. Once again Brooks has chosen a leadership behavior pattern(AOL) in consideration Subordinate contingency factor, comprehend ability as he reinforces the teams confidence as they see their abilities increase with their alter conditioning.In one of the most dramatic scenes in the movie which occurs in the locker room right before the big game with the Russians , Brooks once again demonstrates AOL behavior as he sets the final challenging goal of defeating the Russian team and shows his confidence in their abilities-You were born to be hockey players and sends a highly inspired and confident team out onto the ice .3) An example Herb Brooks exhibiting Participative Leader behavior( leaders consulting with followers and asking for their suggestions before making a decision.-Wikipedia.) occurs when the coach is determining his various lines- groups of 3 players who play together and who substituted together in relief of other lines. He summons three players referred to as The Coneheads and instead of taking a directive entree , he takes a clear participative path as he involves the young men in the decision making process as he asks them if they would like playing together as a line and if they thought it was a good fit for them. The players agreed with Brooks and go on to be a very effective line. This shows Brooks once again choosing the correct leader behavior-participative- relative to an Environmental Contingency factor-work group-to achieve performance goals and group satisfaction.Brooks once again demonstrates participative leadership when well into the teams development, he decides to add a new ,very talented college player tothe roster. On their own, 3 team members start the coach and voice an opinion that this new player is not needed and should not take a roster spot of a player who has worked so hard to earn that spo t. The coach argues that the new player is very talented and will help the team and asks why the 3 young men do not want him. They respond he is not family . Brooks recognizes that he has achieved his goal of team and has clearly consulted with followers before making a final decision.4) Coach Brooks also employs Supportive Leadership behavior ( behavior directed toward the satisfaction of subordinates needs and preferences. The leader shows concern for the followers psychological well being.- Wikipedia.) and his early interaction with goalie Jim Craig demonstrates this type of leadership behavior. Jim is an outstanding goalie whose play has been erratic since the recent death of his mother. Brooks knows that against the aggressive Russian team the goalie will play a deciding role. Jim had earlier refused to take a team test and had expected a tongue lashing from Brooks . Instead , Brooks , cognizant of the psychological aspects of the grieving process which are affecting Jims play ing and his ability to fully commit emotionally to the team. In private sessions he recognizes and therefore validates Jims emotional issues.After the coach points out an erratic performance, Jim is benched and asks the coach is it because he didnt take the test and Brooks replies, No, I want that guy that wouldnt take the test. Jim is named the starter and against the Russians plays an outstanding game, turning back a torrent of shots on goal by the Russians. If the coach had chosen a harsher style, Jim may have very well shut down further and robbed the team of a valuable asset.Once again Brooks has chosen the right leadership behavior Supportive- to bring out the best in his follower, enabling them both to reach a common goal. In doing so he had identified the relation between a subordinate contingency factor, locus of control, and the need for the proper leader behavior-Supportive-to achieve the goal. Jim was feeling isolated and distracted by his grief, leading to a more inte rnal locus of control and Brooks was able to move him toward a more external perception involving the concept of team, discipline and conformity to leadership by employing that behavior style.In another demonstration of utilization of Supportive leadership, Brooks exhibits compassion and empathy when he drops Ralf Cox from the Olympic squad in force(p) the end of the training period. Since Brooks himself was in a similar situation, having been cut from the 1960 Olympic Hockey right before their run for the gold medal, he ainly understands the psychological trauma after a rejection of this magnitude. He ad hominemly comforts and consoles Ralf and thanks him for his fine effort and tell him that he is a great player. This display of supportive leadership could not help but further strengthen the teams belief in their coachs leadership abilities and character.A final example of supportive leadership, occurs , when understanding the psychological and physical distress of the injured squatting OCallahan, Brooks meets with him privately and assures him that he remains confident in his ability to perform and that he will not be , as bastard so desperately feared, be cut from the team. Jack goes on to heal and play an important role in the US victory, vindicating Brooks discision and use of supportive leadership.As presented, Herb Brooks clearly demonstrates in the movie Miracle the effective use of Houses Path-Goal Theory as he guides his team, the 1980 US hockey team on its historic journey toward the defeat of the supposed invincible Russian team and the winning of the gold medal. I doubt that Brooks was even aware of Houses work but, guided by experience and instinct he effectively employed the various leadership behaviors and the modifying effect of environmental and subordinate contingency factors to gain the trust and respect of his peers and his players, leading them to the ultimate prize. In doing so , Brooks demonstrates to all leaders the importance of flexibility in leadership techniques and of not only gaining the trust of ones followers but the necessity of fostering trust between those followers.Part 2The movie Miracle also illustrates examples of Victor Vrooms expectationTheory. As described in Robbins and Judge, pages 86-87, this a motivation theory which postulates there is a certain affinity between personal effort and outcomes and that employees and in our examples, team members, can be motivated to achieve favorable outcomes. ) Vroom describes three processes or links, 1) Effort mathematical operation , 2) Performance- Reward, and 3) Rewards-Personal Goals and their relationships. In the first link ( Effort Performance), the individual ascertains if effort will equate to performance. In the second link (Performance-Reward) , he or she determines whether there be a desired outcome following a good performance and in the third link (Rewards-Personal Goals) will those rewards satisfy my personal needs? I believe the fol lowing 3 players dynamically exhibited the 3 links or processes of Vrooms Theory. 1)Jimmy Craig-A an extremely talented goaltender who led capital of Massachusetts University to the 1978 NCAA fragment 1 championship.Effort-Performance- Initially deemed the back up goalie, Jimmy makes it clear that he is only attending the try-outs because he promised his mother shortly before she passed away near the end of his college career to try out for the Olympic Team and win a gold medal.. After he makes the team, both Jimmys emplacement and thus his effort increase throughout the early and middle parts of the film as he is shown practicing harder and engaging in extra drills to increase his glove eye co-ordination and conditioning. As these efforts pay off, his performance begins to better as he obviously knew it would with increased effort, thus demonstrating the link between performance and effort. Performance Reward- Recognizing his improved performance , Coach Brooks rewards Jimmy wi th the the starting goalie position which led to the further rewards of victories against the teams they needed to overcome in the 1980 Olympics . Against a veteran Russian team it was his outstanding performance(36/39 saves) , especially late in the game , that preserved the US victory.Jimmy and the US team then went on to master their ultimate reward-the Gold Medal. Reward-Personal Goals- These rewards were of course personally desirable as they led to the attainment of personal goals such as fulfilling his mothers wishes and helping to improve his grieving father both emotionally and probably financial as the notoriety and exposure led to a professional Hockey career and eventually a successful long term profession as a motivational speake John J. r, spokesperson, and marketing and sales strategist. 2) MichaelRizzo Eruzione- Mike was a Boston University hockey standout who graduated several(prenominal) years earlier than his above teammates. He was described by his BU coach, J ack Parker as Pete Rose on skates-Wikipedia. Rizzo went to successfully play 2 years in the International Hockey League before trying out for the 1980 Olympic team. Effort-Performance- It is clearly apparent from the onset of the film, that Mike is a long shot to make the team and when he does , he is chosen last. It is also obvious that Rizzo is a innate(p) leader as he is portrayed remittal disputes between rival Minnasota and Boston players and is a critical factor in coalescing the group into an effective team, when as noted in part one is the player who shouts, I play for team USA .He not only gives great effort in practice but also in his natural leadership and that led to success in performance in both areas Performance Reward- Eruziones all around performance in rewarded by not only making the team but being appointed Team captain, a prestigious position. He is then further motivated to play to the limits of his ability and makes the winning shot against the Russians. He i s the player that Coach Brooks was talking about when he stated I dont want the best players, I want the right players. Reward-Personal Goals- Initially , recognizing his limited ability Rizzos personal goal was just to make the squad and continue to play hockey a little bit longer and he accomplished this and more, eventually winning a gold medal. It is obvious that his personal goals were different than many of his teammates whose personal goals were to go on and play professional hockey. I suspect he had other personal goals as he was able to parlay his Olympic success into a rewarding business and TV careers. 3)John Jack OCallahan Another extremely talented college hockey standout who also played for and was Captain of the 1979 championship Boston University team. Effort-Performance- Jack was a highly competitive player who always gave 100% on the ice.He once stated in the movie that he had skated so hard he couldnt feel his legs. He also had definite leader ship abilities a nd inspired his teammates to also go all out. His continued maximal effort lead to superior performance and a high scoring output. Performance Reward- Jacks outstanding performance led to rewards on several different levels. First, he was easily rewarded with a position on the team and granted significant playing time. Then, when he suffered a potentially season endingknee injury during the exhibition game against the Russians, Coach Brooks rewarded him with a show of faith by keeping him on the team despite the fact he was not able to play the opening Olympic rounds. Jack was obviously highly motivated by this gesture and vigorously rehabbed and was able to settle to play in the key game against the Russians, making a key play that led to a score that tied the game and eventually led to another reward the Gold Medal. Reward- Personal Goals- When Herb Brooks stated in the locker room before the pivotal Russian game, you were born to be Hockey players one of the players that defi nitely fit that description was Jack.He exemplifies the Expectancy Theory by being able to convert the desired awards into fulfillment of his personal goal to play professional hockey, playing 390 games in the NHL. I think this movie and the actual reality it depicts is an excellent example of Vrooms Expectancy Theory. This theory appears to be more applicable to sports than the workplace as there are clear and defined linkages between effort and performance and performance and reward. As compared to the average workplace , the endpoints of reward and personal goals can reach , as we know, extraordinary levels of financial success and notoriety.

Cosi HSC practice essay Essay

Discuss how Nowras perspective on own(prenominal) relationships is conveyed in Cosi. The play Cosi by Louis Nowra is an emotional portraiture of personal relationships in a Melbourne mental institution ostracised by society. Throughout the play Nowras perspective on personal relationships develops and changes through character relationships and development, particularly the development of the main protagonist Lewis. Nowra conveys his perspective on personal relationships through themes such as the impressiveness of love and fidelity, the empowerment of women and learning and self-development.Techniques such as symbolism, intertextuality and contrast are also used to further highlight Nowras perspective. Nowras perspective on personal relationships is primarily shown through the character Lewis and his personal relationships with other characters in the play, especially in his relationship with his girlfriend Lucy. Act Two, Scene Two which features a confrontation between Lewis and Lucy on their relationship is significant in showing this. In this scene, Lucy comes to pick Lewis up to take him to the moratorium meeting and Lewis must decide between staying for the play and going with Lucy.Nowras belief on the importance of the goence of love and fidelity in a relationship is shown when Lewis says to Lucy Its about important things like love and fidelity. Intertextuality is used here(predicate) through Lewis character development and change of values that is evident in this line. This change occurred through his participation in the production of Cosi Fan Tutte with the patients and his exposure to the themes in the play. The women in both Cosi Fan Tutte and Cosi are often compared with the Arabian Phoenix which acts a symbol for a womans constancy or fidelity.A womans constancy is like the Arabian Phoenix. Everyone swears it exists, but no one has seen it. This is quoted by Lewis to Lucy to further convey Nowras belief in the importance of love and fidelit y in a relationship. As Cosi was written in a time where a huge social change was occurring and women were beginning to become more sexual freedom with the invention he birth control pill, a lot of aspects of the play focus on the empowerment of women and the double standards that exist between and women in society especially when it comes to fidelity.This is shown in Nowras contrast of Act Two, Scene One and Act Two, Scene, Two. In Scene One, Lewis is unfaithful as he kisses Julie but in Act Two he reprimands Lucy for sleeping with Nickfailing to mention his own infidelities. Intertextuality is used in this scene when Lewis claims that a womans constancy is like the Arabian Phoenix, revealing his hypocrisy. Through Lewis condemnation, Nowra demonstrates that, although modern society has become more sexually lenient, there are notwithstanding double standards that occur which condone mens fidelity but condemn womens fidelity.It is revealed that Nowra believes that men and women sh ould be equal not only in relationships but in society too. Julie articulates the message at the beginning of the play when she says that men want women to deceive them because it will prove their worst thoughts about women which in contrast is confirmed by Lewis attitude towards Lucys infidelities.

PESTLE analysis Essay

PESTLE analysis, which is sometimes referred as PEST analysis, is a construct in marketing principles. Moreover, this concept is used as a tool by companies to wrap up the purlieu theyre operating in or are planning to launch a new project/product/service etc.PESTLE is a mnemonic which in its expanded form denotes P for Political, E for Economic, S for Social, T for expert, L for level-headed and E for Environmental. It gives a birds eye view of the whole environment from m each different angles that one wants to check and keep a track of while contemplating on a certain idea/plan.Political and legal factorsPolitical and legal factors are here regarded as a unit. They refer to mannikin given by politics. The exist regulatory or legal frameworks, which screw be binding for regions, nations or on an international keister. The frameworks deal with economical issues or issues concerning the labour market.Subsidies for instance fall in the category of economical issues. According to the degree of support through subsidies, a country can be much or less attractive for a community. With respect to the labour law of a country, it can highly influence location decisions, too. If e.g. the dismissal protection in a country is very good, a firm may tend to choose a country with a more flexible hire-and-fire-system.Furthermore, political environment can have a significant influence on businesses, political factors affect consumer confidence and consumer and business spending. For instance, how stable is the political environment? This is particularly pregnant for companies entering new markets. Government policies on regulation and taxation can vary from state to state and across national boundaries. Political considerations also pass over trade treaties, such as NAFTA, ASEAN, and EU. Such treaties tend to favor trade among the member countries but impose penalties or less favorable trade call on nonmembers.Economical factorsEconomical factors deal with nationa l or international economical developments and have a direct influence on supplier and consumer markets. Examples of economical factors that play a big role are the GDP, the rate of inflation, interests, the change rate, employment or the situation of money markets. These economical factors influence demand, competitionintensity, live pressure and the will to invest. For instance, if the gross domestic product of a country is fairly low, the demand is in general lower than in countries with a higher(prenominal) GDP.Social factorsSocial factors deal with social issues regarding the values, ideas, opinions and the culture of market participants. Market participants can be employees, customers or suppliers. Through their contact with the company, they influence it due to their opinions. The company needs to follow the market participants change of value and adapt its strategies. Nowadays, a change of values concerning environmental protection is on the move.Technological environmental factorsTechnological environmental factors are meanwhile of a great importance, especially for industrial companies, which underlie a fast technological change. The increasing speed up of technological changes, like in microelectronics or robotics can either indicate risks or chances for a company. Particularly producing companies are affected of that fast evolution.Environmental factorsAt last, environmental factors are becoming more and more important nowadays. They regard natural resources and the basis of human life. Among those, the availability of raw materials and energy is the main topic. As the availability of fossil fuels, like oil or coal, gets worse within the next decades, the dependency on those fuels stays pretty risky. Moreover, to show an ecological responsibility, companies should measure out and reduce their ecological damage. Through rare raw materials and increasing pollution, an environmentally friendly management gets spotlighted more and more by the public interest.Consequently, eco-friendly products or technologies can even signify a competitive advantage.To maximise on the benefit of PESTEL it should be used on a regular basis within an establishment to enable identification of any changes in trends. The impact of any external factor may have more s invariablye impact on any division or department but, PESTEL will enable clarification why change is needed and identify potential solutions. As with all techniques thereadvantages and disadvantages when ever using it.PASTEL includes some of these advatagesprovides easy and simple to use framework for your analysis, helps to treduce threats and impacts of potential treats to your organisation.And also helps you to asses the level of implications of entering a new market both globally and nationaly. However it is also associated with the following disadvantages as users can over simplfy information used in decision making in an organisation, assumptions often form the basis for most of the data used, making any decision made based on such data subjective. Users must not also succumb to palsy by analysis where they gather too much information and forget that the objective of this tool is the identification of issues so that action can be taken.

Forest Conservation

FOREST saving Forests be one of the to the highest degree important natural resources that boast been gifted to mankind for their sustained introduction on earth. With verboten incertitude, they provide us with huge amounts of tangible and intangible benefits, with pop which indeed, all life, less(prenominal) to say human life, would fall under the risk of extinction. Hence, it is vital for us to agnize this importance of woodland suppress, conserve them, and ultimately work towards a sustainable behavior to maintain our af woodwind instruments and chance our needs at the equal time.In this piece of music, I have foc social functiond initially on the barbaric behavior of us human beings towards afforests, and how they have been and atomic number 18 still being massacred around the globe to meet our ever change magnitude and limitless wants and needs. I have also focused on why rough of our conservation strategies and efforts atomic number 18 non working out the way they were supposed to be. In doing so, I have tried to prove that countries like Bangladesh, who be still striving to develop should focus on forest conservation.My hypothesis is that Bangladesh has the capability to both conserve its forest resources and grow economically at the aforesaid(prenominal) time, and create means for p everywherety elevation by conserving. In the second portion I have focused on a more comprehensive way to sustainable forest conservation, backing up my statements by expert opinions and shield studies, and at the end a bit of focus was entrust on biodiversity importance and its conservation practices and strategies. I have also mentioned slightly economic, societal and policy instruments that feces be implemented in order to conserve forests better.I have used many primary data, from specific experts on forests, but my main data sources are secondary sources, mainly the Internet and books. The full list of references is given in the work-cited por tion at the end of the paper. From the actually beginning of civilization, human beings have depended heavily on forests for their survival. Cradles of civilization, places of beauty, sources of spiritual inspiration, and treasure houses of natural riches, forests are closely linked with the physical, economic, and spiritual well being of people. worldly concern has depended on forests for lumber and furniture, medicine and cosmetics, firewood and food, drinking water and fresh air, respite and recreation. Despite their central role in the well being of people, forests are imperil by human actions on a scale and pace far beyond natures capacity to adapt. Forests are being destroyed around the globe at a scale, which has already passed the alarming stage. Reasons much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as land shortage, urbanization, agriculture, excessive and unsustainable timber extraction have led to cutting down of miles upon miles of pristine forest land.In 2002 alone, 10,00 0 square miles in Brazils Amazon region were deforested due to logging, ranching, farming, and infrastructure development. In Africas Congo Basin, avenues built into legally protected expanses like theme parks by illegal loggers provided access for bush meat poachers and contributed to an increase in forest fires. (Overview). Although recently, the importance of forests has been realized to a degree, enough importance has not yet been put into the conservation sector so as to actually retain the remaining percentage of forest cover the world has left.In this paper I have discussed unsloped how much importance needs to be put on conservation of forests, why this needs to be done, how it grass be done in a systematic, sustainable way, and what the aftermaths of not doing so may be. DEFINITIONS For clarification purposes, a full list of definitions are given below so that the damage discussed in this paper are lite and not confused with some other related terms. FOREST The word forests originated from the Greek word foris, which means out of doors. Generally a large un tamed area of land bearing trees and undergrowth is termed as a forest.Wild animals are also associated with this term, which includes their interaction with the trees and undergrowth and their abiotic surroundings (air, soil etc. ). L. S Davis delimit forests as a set of land parcels, which has or could have tree ve brookation. (Davis). CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION These twain terms are often confused with one another(prenominal), but they refer to two slightly different concepts. Preservation of eitherthing is basically keeping it in such manner that it elicitnot or should not be touched or used.For instance, if a forest is being preserved it means that it is to be kept untouched and nothing is to be extracted from it. It is to be left to its own accord. On the other hand, conservation implies more towards a sustained use, or use in a sustainable fashion. As in the example given to a higher place, if a forest is declared as conserved, it means that resources may be extracted in a systematic and accounted way, so as not to compromise the forests ability to replenish itself in terms of resources, and so that it may continue its intangible functions properly.SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The term refers to the existence and maintenance of a system, on its own accord, over a period of time, or that a system is able to stand and function by itself for a certain duration. This term then leads on to sustainable development, which the latest of concepts in development of a nation and its entities. Sustainable development means the development targeted at making resources available both useful yet sustained, so as no to compromise it for future generations. FOREST MANAGEMENTThe society of American Foresters (1958) defined forest management as the application of business methods and technical forestry principles to the operation of forestry property. (Ame rican). Generally put, forest management is the maintenance of forests in such a way that it is protected and conserved at the same time. In other words it the system by which we make sure that we extract resources from the forest in a sustained way (sustainable yields) and so that the forest does not lose its credibility. Forests come in various types and properties.They range from equatorial evergreen rain forests along the equator of the earth, to equable and boreal forests in northern America and Russia. The worlds tropical forests, which circle the globe, are interestingly diverse. Ranging from the steamy jungles of the rain forests to the dry forests and savannas, they provide habitat for millions of species of plants and animals. Once cover charge some 15. 3 billion dry land (6. 2 billion ha), these tropical forests have been reduced through cutting and clear by 210 million acres (85 million ha) between 1985 and 1990. (Louise). This is in fact the story in most parts of the world.Bangladesh for instance is losing its natural forestland at an alarming rate of 3. 3% a year, which is the third highest rate in the world after Jamaica and Haiti. (Miller, 641). Although plantations have gone up in percentage during the last few years, especially strip plantations, which are a recent phenomenon in Bangladesh, especially in Dhaka, natural forests are still on the decrease. This can be seen in the skirt below, as of the year 2000, which also includes comparisons to Asia and the world as a whole. notwithstanding probably the saddest story to be told is that of the worlds tropical forests.Although tropical rainforests cover less than six-spot percent of the earths land surface, they are extraordinarily endowed with millions of animal species and represent seventy-five million years of evolutionary stability. Covering a land area rough the size of the United States, tropical forests are being rapidly degraded, the equivalent of the combined areas of Ohio and Indiana each year. According to some experts, almost half the worlds tropical forests have already been wiped of the face of the earth for good. If we look at the table given below, we can get an estimate of what the situation really is at present.Data is set as of research till the year 2000. Forest Area and Change Bangladesh Asia (excl. Middle East) creation Total forest area, 2000 (000 ha) 1334 504180 3869455 Natural forest area, 2000 (000 ha) 709 375824 3682722 Plantations area, 2000 (000 ha) 625 110953 186733 Total dry land area, 1950-1981 (000 ha) a 0 1078121 5059984 Change in forest area Total, 1990-2000 14 % -1 % -2 % Natural, 1990-2000 -7 % -1 % -4 % Plantations, 1990-2000 4 % 5 % 3 % Original forest b as a percent of match land area c 100 % X 48 % Forest area in 2000 as a percent of total land area c 9 % 20 % 29 % FIG table has been taken from an article titled Forest Conservation from the Earth Trends website. Ecosystem Areas by Type Tota l land area 14400 2494475 13328979 Percent of total land area covered by Forests 12 % 17 % 24 % Shrublands, savanna, and grasslands 3 % 37 % 37 % mosaic 73 % 34 % 20 % Urban and built-up areas 0. 2 % 0. 2 % 0. 2 % Sparse or barren vegetation snow and ice 0 % 10 % 16 % Wetlands and water bodies 11 % 2 % 3 % The total global forest cover has decreased by approximately 4% in just 10 years, and Bangladesh has lost more than 7% of its natural forest resources.This is alarming in more than just environmental perspectives. Yet, when we look into conservation possibilities, all sides, sectors, direct and indirect reasons need to be assessed before coming to any kind of decision. Since this paper is about the conservation needs of forests, all such sectors and sides have been touched in the following sections. Before the dawn of agriculture approximately 10,000 years agone, forests and open woodland covered about 15. 3 billion acres (6. 2 billion ha) of the globe. Over the centuries, however, about one-third of these natural forests have been destroyed. According to a 1982 study by FAO, about 27. 9 million acres (11. million ha) of tropical forests are cut each year-an area about the size of the States of Ohio or Virginia. Between 1985 and 1990, an estimated 210 million acres (85 million ha) of tropical forests were cut or cleared. In India, Malaysia, and the Philippines, the best commercial forests are gone, and cutting is increasing in South America. (J. Louise). Several factors are responsible for deforestation clearing for agriculture, fuel woodcutting, and growthing of wood products. By far the most important of these is clearing for agriculture. In the Tropics, the age-old practice of shifting, sometimes called slash-and-burn, agriculture has been used for centuries.In this primitive system, local anaesthetic people cut a small patch of forest to make way for subsistence farming. After a few years, soil fertility declines and people move on, usually to cut another patch of trees and begin another garden. In the abandoned plot, the degraded soil at first supports single weeds and shrubby trees. Later, soil fertility and trees return, but that may take decades. As population pressure increases, the fallow (rest) period between cycles of gardening is shortened, agricultural yields decrease, and the forest region is further degraded to small trees, brush, or eroded savanna. mutation to sedentary agriculture is an even greater threat to tropical forests.Vast areas that once supported tropical forests are now permanently occupied by subsistence farmers and ranchers and by commercial farmers who produce sugar, cocoa, palm oil, and other products. In many tropical countries thither is a critical shortage of firewood. For millions of rural vile, survival depends on finding enough wood to cook the evening meal. Every year more of the forest is destroyed, and the distance from home to the forest increases. Not only do peopl e suffer by having to spend much of their time in the search for wood, but so does the land. Damage is greatest in dry tropical forests where firewood cutting converts forests to savannas and grasslands.The global demand for tropical vexedwoods, an $8-billion-a-year industry, also contributes to forest loss. Tropical forests are usually selectively logged rather than clear-cut. Selective logging leaves the forest cover intact but usually reduces its commercial value because the biggest and best trees are withdraw. Selective logging also damages remaining trees and soil, increases the likelihood of fire, and degrades the habitat for wildlife species that gather up large, old trees-the ones usually cut. In addition, logging roads open up the forests to shifting cultivation and permanent settlement. In the past, logging was done primarily by primitive means-trees were cut with axes and logs were moved with animals such as oxen.Today the use of modern machinerychain saws, tractors, a nd trucks -makes logging easier, faster, and potentially more destructive. In Bangladesh, it is more or less the same picture. Being a developing country which is yet striving to stand on its own feet, it is still extracting its only, and few available resources such as forests for the sake of rapid economic growth. Further more, the lack of land space is forcing settlers to encroach upon forest land, in order to use it for agriculture and fisheries purposes. The poor are using forests as means for survival, and there is little the administration (local governments and forest department) can do to stop illegal encroachment in forests.Yet even so, as I have stated in my hypothesis, it is possible for a country like Bangladesh to conserve forests and elevate poverty at the same time, and the following sections entrust consist of exactly how this may be achieved. In his article Conservation Strategy Rationale and a simulation, Dr. Mizanur Rahman Khan says, there is a difference in pe rspective regarding what to conserve and how to conserve. One group, often dubbed as radical greens, argue that the global environmental problems have already reached a crisis proportion and require a fire fighting strategy. On the other side of the fence, there are free-market environmentalists who argue that environmental laws and regulations impose unsporting burdens on the economy and on individuals. A balance between the two is what Dr.M Khan thinks is required, and he goes on to say that the protection of the environment is an substantial part of development and that this is globally recognized. In this light, when we look at the conservation efforts being made to conserve the forests of Bangladesh, it is almost immediately clear that most of the above stated conditions are not being applied. Problems with definitions of protected areas still remain, and hence loop holes give people the chance to illegally encroach upon the land. So the question is now, what is there to be done? What steps should Bangladesh authorities take to prevent such anomalies and protect the forests we have? A simple solution is given by Dr.Abdur nobble Khan, a well known economist and research director at Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, when he was asked as to what Bangladesh can do. Dr Rob says Indeed Bangladesh does have the capability to both conserve and elevate poverty at the same time. To do that, the first and most obvious step is to demonstrate participatory forestry. The stake holders have to be identified and given proper priority in terms of their needs and requirements. Second, we have far too less forest cover, only about 6-7% of the total land area right now. This has to be doubled. This can be done by introducing social forestry, homestead forestry and road side forestry.Once these two steps have been undertaken, we can then head on towards poverty elevation, because both these steps will not only help the nation as a whole, but al so see to the needs of the local people in and around forests. Other wise, conservation may face an early death, and we may as well lose our forests. The points upheld by Dr. Abdur Rob are to great degrees true. Indeed, the only way to ensure the survival of a resource and the people associated with it is to introduce those people into its management and care. Below I have stated some of the ways to o this and also some other steps towards conserving forests. PARTICIPATORY FORESTRY (Social Forestry) To involve the local people, and to pick out the stake holders, the initial thing that needs to be done is to get to know the social aspects of the people involved.This process is called Focus Group Discussions Basically authority people have to go to the locality and get to know the social life styles of the local people. This is done by conducting such discussions with selected people from the locality. A questionnaire is made which involves everything ranging from average yearly inco me to what festivals they have and their matrimonial practices. Once this can be done, stake holders can be identified and selected out. They are then involved in to the management regimes, including decision making privileges to resource extraction etc. In depth discussions are then held with the selected people and local leaders to figure out how benefits are to be shared. Both tangible and intangible benefits from the forest are then held up to the people.Participatory forestry can be seen in practice in the strip plantations in and around Dhaka along side roads and rail lines. These are basically community based resource management schemes, from which involved people receive benefits in future for their present services, hence encouraging them to conserve the site. past FORESTRY PRACTICES In ancient Persia (now Iran), forest protection and nature conservation laws were in effect as early as 1,700 B. C. Two thousand years ago the Chinese practiced what they called four sides for estry-trees were planted on house side, village side, road side, and water side. More than 1,000 years ago, Javanese maharajahs brought in teak and began to cultivate it. In the African Tropics, agro forestry (growing of food crops n association with trees) has been practiced for hundreds of years. Relatively little is known about tropical forestry before the mid 1800s in most places. At that time, the European colonial empires notably the Dutch, English, and Spanish-brought modern forest management practices to Indonesia, India, Africa, and the Caribbean. Centers for forestry and forestry research were established, and more careful records were kept. (J. Louise). SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY Modern forestry has its basis in 18th-century Germany. kindred the Chinese and the Mayan forest practices, German forestry is essentially agricultural. Trees are managed as a crop. Two concepts are important renewability and sustainability.Renewability means that trees can be replanted and seeded and harvestinged over and over again on the same tract of land in what are known as crop rotations. Sustainability means that forest harvest can be sustained over the long term. How far into the future were foresters expected to plan? As long as there were vast acres of virtuous (original) forests remaining, this question was somewhat academic. Today, however, sustainability is a vital issue in forestry. Most of the worlds virgin forests are gone, and people must rely more and more on second- growth or managed forests. Perhaps we now face, as never before, the limits to long-term productivity. In the German forest model, forestry is viewed as a continual process of harvest and regeneration.Harvest of wood products is a goal, but a foresters principal tasks are to assure long-term productivity. That is achieved by cutting the older, mature, and slow-growing timber to make way for a new crop of young, fast-growing trees. HARVEST REGENRATION METHOD Three examples of timber harvest-regen eration methods (silvicultural systems) illustrate how foresters manage stands to produce timber on a sustained basis. weft Individual trees or small groups of trees are harvested as they become mature. Numerous small openings in the forest are created in which saplings or new seedlings can grow. The resulting forest has a continuous forest canopy and trees of all ages.Such systems favor slow-growing species that are shade tolerant. CLEAR CUTTING In clear cutting, an undefiled stand of trees is removed in one operation. From the foresters point of view, clear cutting is the easiest way to manage a forest-and the most economical. Regeneration may come from sprouts on stumps, from seedlings that survive the logging operation, or from seeds that germinate after the harvest. If natural regeneration is delayed longer than desired, the area is planted or seeded. Clear cutting systems are often used to manage fast-growing species that require a lot of light. Resulting stands are even age d because all the trees in an area are cut-and regenerated-at the same time.Clear cutting has become controversial in recent years because it has the potential to damage watersheds and because it tends to eliminate species of wildlife dependent on old growth trees. If clear cuts are kept small and the cutting interval is long enough, however, biological diversity may not be impaired. SHELTERWOOD In Shelterwood systems, the forest canopy is removed over a period of years, usually in two cuttings. After the first harvest, natural regeneration begins in the understory. By the time the second harvest is made, enough young trees have grown to assure adequate regeneration. Shelterwood systems favor species that are intermediate in tolerance to shade. Such systems are difficult to use successfully and are the least used of the three silvicultural methods described. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGSIt seems that the obvious conclusion would be, as Dr. Rob said, that social forestry is the best option av ailable to us at present. This will not only enable Bangladesh to conserve its few remaining forests, but also use those forests efficiently as a scratch to poverty elevation. In fact this is not the first time research on Bangladesh forests has led to such conclusions. Many experts have done similar such research and have come to find this sort of forestry as efficient means of conservation. pic . Fig Plantation in Shatchori reserved forest. Bangladesh yet faces many hard steps to the stage we call developed. Even now, it faces harden blockades when the question of conservation arises.Poverty, high population, land shortage, illegal encroachment, political disfucntionings and sheer ignorance of duty are just some of the barricades that hold us back from preserving the few resources we have left in this once lushly rich country. It not as though we are not conserving. Indeed, plantations have come up across the country in what seems hopeful ways. It seems that there is yet hope for us and our forests. Shatchari, Modhupur, Lawachara, Medakochapia are some bright name in our success books concerning plantation forestry. Yet I raise the question to the jury, is this what we really want for us? Do we really want to see some time in the future that the country is devoid of its natural forests and has only plantations left?Plantations, Strip plantations, mono-cultures, botanical gardens are very good in terms of forest cover, but if we lose all our natural forests, what would happen to all the hundreds of species of animals and birds that we have? We would lose them forever. Will it be possible for us to conserve them to? The case stands for the rest of the world as well. Tropical forests are being deforested at a football field size a day. Very soon, perhaps kinda than we think, we will lose what we have left to the greed of a few ignorant people. Will it not shame us to think that we human beings will be responsible of wiping out all other species just for the sake of our comfort? Is this not a question of ethics?It remains to be seen as to how Bangladesh, less to say the rest of the world acts to save its forests, yet perhaps it is not wise to just sit and wait for some miracle to happen. It is time we put on our thinking caps and stepped out into the field, and tried our best to see to that we leave the few natural pristine forests remaining at peace with themselves. Work cited Mastrantonio J. Louise. CONSERVATION OF FORESTS. Online journal. nd. 18th December 2006. http//www. fs. fed. us/global/lzone/student/tropical. htm Forests of the World. Forestry Overview. Online article. nd. nineteenth December 2006. http//www. worldwildlife. org/forests/ Davis, L.S 1966. Forest Management. 1st edition. pp 790. Earth Trends. Forest Conservation. Online Journal. nd. 19th December 2006. http//earthtrends. wri. org/text/biodiversity-protected/country-profiles. html Forest Conservation. Enterprise for the Americas in Action. Online article. nd. 1 9th December 2006. http//www. earthvoice. org/animal. habitat/forest. conservation. htm Khan, Mizanur Rahman. Conservation Strategy Rationale and a Framework. Conservation and Sustainable Development. Interview Dr. Abdur Rob Khan. Research Director at Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 20th December 2006.

Marriage & Family

A intimate script consists of expectations of how to behave enkindleually as a female or male and as a heterosexual, lesbian, or gay male. (Cohen, DeVault, & Strong 2008 p. 191) We use sexual scripts to direct us on how to organize, interpret and react to different sexual situations and emotions significantly. Our original sexual scripts starts as traditional, they ar formed by what we tick off from our p arnts, other adolescents or through watching television.Our sexual identities form while education to be sexual and this begins in our adolescence, progressively we give change our scripts as we continue to experience new situations. Depending on what we gained knowledge of and included into our sexual scripts our emotions will play through our learned interactions. Sexual behavior, what we consider as sexually normal, our social lives and gender roles all play a part in what makes our sexual scripts differ between males and females.The traditional sexual script identifies th e male as sexually aggressive and views sex as more of a recreational pastime, where they are foc utilise more on pleasuring themselves. Cohen, DeVault and Strong 2008 p. 191 describes a few assumptions regarding the male script by Therapist Bernie Zilbergeld men should not have certain feelings, a man always pauperism sex and is always ready for it, performance is what counts, and a man is in charge, all physical contact leads to sex, sex equals intercourse, sex always leads to orgasm.The traditional female scripts suggest that women focus on emotions more that sex. Assumptions were also made for women sex is both good and bad, girls dont want to know about their genitalia, sex is for men, men should know what women want, women should not talk about sex, women should look like beautiful models, women are nurturers, and there is only unrivalled right way to experience orgasm. In the society today sexual scripts are slightly altered because gender roles are slightly altered.Traditi onal sexual scripts are now being replaced with contemporary sexual scripts, some of the assumptions that are made regarding both sexes are sexual expression is good, sexual activities may be sign by either partner, both parents have a right to experience orgasm, non marital sex is acceptable within a relationship context. Our sexual scripts are called into play when dealing with sexual activity and other social interactions. These scripts are used when viewing ourselves or others. I believe sexual scripts are used in everyday situations, in how we speak to one another or allow other to speak to us.Sexual scripts can determine who we date or join and how we interact with our significant others. I believe that an individual assume that everyone shares the same sexual script as themselves and in times we are shocked when we learn otherwise. We believe that we have the same beliefs and view the world through the same glasses. People assume that sexual scripts are simple such as male child like girl, girl likes boy, boy works, girls cleans, boy wants sex girl gives sex, while in the new generation most are following a juvenile style of living with a contemporary style of sexual scripts.

Coffee and Starbucks Executives Essay

Starbucks developed continuously and rapidly after Howard Schultz bought it. It was injected in Fortune 500 companies in March 2003. Because of the intensity of the market, Starbucks can not only relied on the American market, but in any case had to venture abroad and paid close attention to the growth of subsidiaries. During the expansion, Starbucks stuck to its basic principles and innovated everlastingly to cater to the taste of the native. Although Starbucks was operated successfully, it also experienced losses in many countries and faced many challenges and risk.It is essential for MNCs to choose the right mode of entry in any markets and make structural changes to motivate strategical changes, even mature MNCs, which can transfer some risk. Starbucks decided to use three strategies to enter into the outside(a) markets-licensing, wholly owned subsidiaries and joint ventures. Every outline has its advantages and disadvantages, so managers of Starbucks need to consider care fully in the beginning entering other countries. Starbucks makes the different ways to enter in the markets according to the different situations of countries. For instance, Canada is close to America so the cultures and the habit of drinking coffee are close too.Starbucks chooses wholly owned subsidiary vitrine to enter Canadian market. Some Asian countries such as Japan and Hong Kong, China, Starbucks selects joint ventures to get in these countries because their taste of coffee is different from Americans. Moreover, the strategic adjustment of Starbucks was to cover over an area in new stores. That can not only assist to disperse consumers and reduce their waiting time, but also decrease the costs and increase revenues.It also innovated some new products and cooperated with local anaesthetic companies. Culture, government, environment and the condition of Starbucks, all these can affect the choice of strategy. In short, before choosing strategy, managers of Starbucks ought to a nalyze the SWOT of Starbucks, the key environmental factors and how will this strategy influence the development of the company.Starbucks went global because it wanted to seek new international markets and opportunities of growth. Starbucks did many peachy management and analysis of risk before entering into different markets. It further researched the prospect of the products in other countries markets. Then it tried to sell in the local fashionable shops and was operated by expert managers from Seattle. Starbucks persisted in keeping their No Smoking principle and broad floor area, which attracted many Japanese women.That is a successful bond that through using its own resources and cooperating with Sazaby, it understood the Japanese habits of drinking coffee drinks and introduced new products. Starbucks realized that young people in Asian countries were interested in the western way of life so it seized that mentality and attracted them successfully. Starbucks adjusted constan tly to adapt the cultures of the host countries.For example, it offered meat buns and curry puffs to Asian countries because Asians like take some food when drinking coffee. It is popular that the best coffee around the world is in Europe. However, Starbucks executives thought that coffees in Europe now is not as great as in the late 1990s so stores were opened quickly and bravely in Europe.The romantic atmosphere, No Smoking environment and self-help overhaul mode of operation were the main reasons that attracted the young. Also, Starbucks provided an independent region for Middle East ladies because of its distinct culture. From the above examples, it seems that Starbucks considered completely. It did internal analysis to use its key success factors to help the company make full use of the opportunities abroad. It also analyzed the culture and environmental risk of the local markets.Starbucks faced many challenges and risk in the international operation. Firstly, the unstable s emipolitical environment of the Middle East is one of the problems for Starbucks. The close relationship between America and Israel made Arab students boycott American services and goods. This is the political risk to Starbucks. Secondly, Starbucks faced crisis from non-governmental organizations. They asked Starbucks to afford the authentication of coffee beans to insure the production of coffee beans was proceeded under a certain social and financial condition. This is the environmental risk.Thirdly, Starbucks has body politic risk that the economic recession in some countries made the sales and revenues dropped sharply. Fourthly, Starbucks faced drastic industrial competition, high costs of developing business and exemption from customers who objected to globalization, especially in Europe. This is the strategic risk. Fifthly, complex joint ventures and application license agreement, lack of well-trained employees and appropriate store address, all of these made Starbucks hard to gain more(prenominal) profit and take hold the costs of international operation. This is the operational risk. Starbucks try to reduce the risk in many methods.First and foremost, Starbucks decided to offer new products to control the costs of international operation. Then, it announced to slow down the pace of expansion and close the defective stores. Also, Starbucks should reconsider the entry strategy and keep a zippy eye on price. The most important is to be careful to the international environment because there are many factors can affect the Starbucks decision-making. Starbucks recombined its structure and changed its strategy with its internationalization.

Police Functions Essay

I think practice of law officers ar a good help for the communities they serve. Police is necessary in each city to prevent crimes and bring peace to citizens, so they can live in a safe place and knowing that they are saved of the criminals. . The reality of policing is that the constabulary play an extremely complex office staff in todays society. This role involves many different tasks. People think that they are always fighting criminals and risking their life in bad situations but as Walker described in his article Police and Society (2001) Many studies of police work document the complexity of the police role. The Police Services Study (PSS), for example, examined 26,418 calls for service to the police in three metropolitan areas. As the data in Table 1-1 indicate, only 19 percent of the calls involve crime, and only 2 percent of the total involves violent crime they spent most of their time in patrolling the city and watching for over speed cars. Every city has a police de partment for a purpose and the most important role of the police is to help maintain peace, enforce the laws of the land, protect the people from criminals, and to help ensure the safety of the citizens. Also police officers are important to the government to be defend it against society. They contribute to social control through both law enforcement and order maintenance responsibilities.There are a lot of functions that police should continue to do like prevent and control conduct widely recognized as threatening to life and property, identify problems that have the potential for becoming more real problems, create and maintain a feeling of security in the community, promote and preserve public order, and help people who are in danger of fleshly harm, such as the victims of violent attack. These functions are very important to the communities because crimes are increasing day by dayand without the help of police officers there leave alone be chaos in the society and people wou ld not be safe. Although police officers have many different kind of functions and they need to do it, not all functions are that important. They should spend less time in answer calls that are not for criminal purposes like people calling 911 because their neighbor has tawdry music or bothers them, watching all day for over speed cars, with no lights or plates, and they do not have to abuse their power when probing for a guy that is suspicious.They should devote most of their time patrolling the city searching for suspicious people, helping people in need, and maintaining the public order. There are factors that knead the functions of some police officers like their inexperience in the field work, their fear to confront dangerous criminals and get injured, the budget of their police department, or their low net that make them think they do not have to risk their lives and work harder. There is no doubt that we need the police because they play an important role in our society an d without them we could not have freedom.ReferenceWalker, S. (2001). Police in America. Chapter one Police and Society. Retrieved from http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/007241497x/39793/samplech01.pdf

How Alcohol Affects the Family

A family is an institution with closely knit members of a dwelling house who are related by marriage adoption or by birth. These are people who squander a strong relationship mutual concern for each different such that when one gets hurt, the different members also feel hurt. It is in this institution that socialization burgeon forths place.A family acts as a shelter for the members because this is where they experience insipid love. Members do not have to work to earn love or to work for their basic necessarily to be met. It is a place that members basis go back to when all is lost and still be cared for.Democracy is first experienced in the family because e very(prenominal) one is listened to and every member works for the best busy of the other. Additionally, members of a family grow according to certain values upheld by the institution and as a payoff shtup be said to be very influential to an individuals personality.Therefore every family member has roles and obligat ions that when disrupted can make a family dysfunctional. Alcohol abuse is one of the factors that causes disruption of the family and threatens its st competency.Alcohol abuse has adverse effects on the members in that it deprives them of the basics of the family. This is because most alcohol abusers are violent and often are the ones who initiate fights. The vehemence when brought home is characterized by such incidences as wife battering, beating of children and financial constrains in the home as and even separation or divorce. Various members of a family can be recognise abusers of alcohol. It can be the mother, the breed or even the children. The impact of alcohol abuse usually varies depending on which member is involved.In instances where the parents are involved, the family hurts financially because in most of the cases they are the ones who are bread winners. As mentioned earlier their priorities change and the amount of gold that is usually allocated to family consumpt ion, decreases. Financial strain also could set in as a result of the accidents that come with drunkenness e.g. a road accident that occurs because of drunken driving, costs of treatment for a drunken driver who has sustained injuries and compensation for broken crockery and other wares.According to children of alcohol dependent parents are usually aflutter and suffer from depression. They also stand a risk of having mental and physical problems. Additionally, they have a very high probability of also becoming addicts of alcohol and other substances or drugs. Statistics have shown that most young deluges have parents who are addicted to alcohol. Children from parents who are addicted have a lot of money worn out(p) on their health and welfare.This is because they are sometimes subjected to abuse that would warrant their being taken to hospital. Increased health problems of family members create a financial burden to the family up to a level where there no longitudinal exists family cohesion.The role of the parents is also compromised because they get to levels where they cannot instill discipline on their children. Alcohol dependent parents whose cognitive ability has been impaired because of alcohol cannot be at a position to follow up on how their children are doing at home or school and the latter become their own masters.The outcome is children who are deserted and a threat to security in the society. Further it becomes one factor behind the family disintegrating as they step forward doing their own things without any guidance. In other cases the alcoholic parents are not able to perform their duties and the children take up their roles.This can get to a level where it gets confusing for the children because they have to take up other roles, i.e. that of being children and that of parents. The family in such an instance becomes dysfunctional because families fail to on a lower floortake their obligations of taking charge or leading the family. Ch ildren in such a family tend to take up the habit of dealing with issues under the influence of another substance such that they dont believe that they can make decisions when sober.This can be explained by the fact that children look up to their parents who have a great influence on them. Children regard their parents as heroes and may conclude in their minds that the consumption of alcohol is a heroic gesture thereby admiring it. This may prompt them to try taking the alcohol in secret so that their alcoholic activity starts at a very early age.

Employment and labor scenarios

Prospective Risk circumspection Identify and describe strategies you could adopt to limit well-grounded risk in this area in the future. Be prepared to address any questions the committee may have. Identify and describe strategies you could adopt to limit legal risk in this area in the future. Hiring grace/ interview panel project a hiring panel or an interview panel. To minimize the possibility of such a scenario happening In the future, a system just be developed that requires the Involvement of several relevant picks.These resources Include the human resources department and some other managers. Communication, education, and reporting must be Integrated In a plan that successfully nameless the jeopardize of recurrence. We suggest a hiring panel that consist of a human resource manager, hiring supervisor, recruiter, and departmental representative. These members will bring out up a hiring panel that spread the responsibility of ethics in making hiring decisions. Human reso urce review Recommend human resources review all hiring decisions before they are final.Require documentation regarding hiring rationale Suggest that documentation be required explaining rationale for all decisions. A decision to hire or non hire a candidate should be based on qualifications and attributes that are attractive to the hiring institution. Managers make near decisions in their hiring choice should be able to document rationale. This may materialize as a pattern document consistent throughout the organization or as a aroma correspondence supporting the hire of a candidate among the hiring panel.This type of documentation may also serve as a tool to defend an organization or manager in cases like scenario C. Continuing education parent frequent education of best hiring practices and enforceable laws. The goal of continuing education on hiring practices within the organization is meant to ensure that all affected personnel are aware of best practices, current trends, and laws relevant to hiring. fosterage should Include the Call Rights Act, delimitation scenarios, and related call cases.It Is suggested here that organizations use computer training modules to modify and refresh members of the organization on a departments in staff meetings. There should be a itinerary to account for the comprehension of education material. Methods include post educational tests from computer models and statements of attendance and understanding in meetings. Apply the four principles of ethics to hiring practices. Suggestions Have mediators or arbitrators ready for situations like this.

Distribution Plan Essay

The diffusion and delivery section of LEAPh Incorporation aims to satisfy and create values for the guests in which the company operates. The distinguishing characteristics of the business pull up stakes be the combination of management experience, gross revenue and distribution experience, high quality, innovative products and exceptional customer service.In particular, the Leading Philippines Incorporation pull up stakes do a full service distribution servicing the customers in the market with a fulfilling assistance. In addition, the LEAPh Inc. go out have an exclusive contract to distribute a new, groundbreaking ceremony product that would enable the company to gain immediate access to a majority of the potential customer base.The LEAPh Inc. intends to become a recognized distributor of one of a kind Digital Single-Lens Reflex tv camera (DSLR) in the Philippines and become an internationally known locale brand.Leading Philippines Inc. plans to develop strong relationships w ith key customers so that the company will be viewed as an indispensable partner, rather than just another manufacturer. The company will work closely with each customer to recommend product assortment unique for their retail base, charm stocking levels, pricing and display assortments, as well as promotional ideas and corporal to increase sales. The LEAPh will assay out and work with the retailers that represent to deliver the most innovative and exciting products possible to the customers that will be served.In order for the products to be received by the customers, the LEAPh will be going to distribute the cameras through sales representatives and through retail stores as well. The company will be using a third level distribution course. In a three level channel structure, the retailers serve as intermediaries in the midst of the consumers and the manufacturer which is the LEAPh. Retailers order products directly from the manufacturer, and then sell those products directly to the consumers. This will enable the company to pacify in touch with the retailers up to the end users of the products and understand their tastes, preferences and tendencies. This will similarly help the company to smear the total distribution costs for the given products.MANUFACTURER RETAILERS CUSTOMERSLeading Philippines Inc. Department Stores CustomersThe intermediaries which are the retailers outlets provide several benefits to both manufacturers and consumers. It will improve the efficiency of the company start out a reform assortment of products, the reutilization of transactions, and easier searching for goods as well as customers.The use of this level of distribution will also aid the search processes of both the buyers and sellers. Producers are searching to determine their customers needs, while customers are searching for received products and services. A degree of uncertainty in both search processes can be reduced by using this channel of distribution. For exa mple, consumers are more likely to find what they are looking for when they shop at retail institutions organized by separate lines of trade, such as grocery, hardware, and clothing store. In addition, producers can make some of their commonly used products more widely available by placing them in many opposite retail outlets, so that consumers are more likely to find them at the right time.The company will be implementing an individualized customer service which will provide the customers with what they want, when and how they want it with the help of the retailers. This fully co-ordinated program for the customers will help the company to increase its sales through innovations of the products, creating promotions, advertising, custom marketing material and the word of mouth from its customers. In this way, the company has the full control over the distribution of the products as well.hither are the methods that will be used in this level of channel distribution of the products from Leading Philippines Inc. change of products through the leading retail outlets and subdivision stores nationwide. Selling the products by the orders that are received by telephone, netmail and fax which is also known as telemarketing. ( Made possible by advertising the products through websites)This present of distribution channel will also be use in order for the products to be widely available in all leading department stores and retailers shops nationwide. And to optimize the product rig as well. The LEAPh will employ an intensive distribution to the customers so that the products could be distributed from as many department stores and retailers outlets as possible to provide a location convenience for its consumers. It will also increase the sales of the company, and provide wider customer recognition.By communicating and building relationships with the members at each step in the channel, there should be a proper communication throughout the channel and every member in the channel should contribute for a healthy relationship. Transparency should be maintained throughout the channel.

Book summary of “Montana 1948” Essay

Race, neighborly view and gender be three factors, in which society uses to judge people. Although many people do non agree with this aspect, our society embraces it by categorizing all people under theses three factors. Those who consider themselves to be better then others, attempt to belittle those whom they consider to be weaker. These people are often known, as the Fringe of society. Montana 1948 is an excellent example of this struggle between the weak and the strong.Montana 1948 is a really good example of what it was like to be parcel of the outskirt of society. The author does an extraordinary job at depicting certain struggles of power between the characters in the book. The reason these struggles are so easy to make clean up on is because the narrator describes the characters to full detail. This allows for a further enhancement of the book to which you can stimulate more acquainted with the characters. There for you can predict the struggles between characters. O ne of the main struggles in this taradiddle is between the Fringes of society and those who have power. By power I mean those who are able to declaim for themselves and defend themselves. Good examples of power, in the society of Montana 1948, are the white men. Those who would be considered a fringe would be the Native Americans, women, and children.It is obvious, in the story, that men had the power. The male characters in the book prove this such as Wes, his get under ones skin, and dog-iron. Each character has a certain overpowering attitude over the other. Wes being the character, which most oft measure shows up in all the scenes, is able to take over the scene with his overpowering attitude. This is true because several(prenominal) occasions in the book demonstrate the wifes reluctant ness to make decisions on her own there for always seeking Wess approval If my mother said it, it was so, yet my fathers confirmation was still necessary page 43. This demonstrates the hig h quality that Wes had over the family, hence putting the wife on the fringe of the household. stamp on the other hand is more of an easy going character, that since he was a doctor and was his fathers favorite, he is given more liability and credit over Wes.Frank was witty, charming, at smiling ease with his life and every thing in it. Along side his crony my father soon seemed somewhat prosaic. Oh, stolid, surely, andsteady and dependable. But inevitably, inescapably dull. Nothing glittered in my fathers wake the way it did in Uncle Franks, page36. In this case Wes has always had to struggle with Frank over favoritism over their father. This favoritism is apparent when their father gets up in front of a large crowd to address his son Frank as a war hero, Now Id like to bring my son up here. Page 37.The favoritism is also imminent in the way the father addressed the speech, He simply said my son. And why wouldnt the county sheriff be called on to make a small speech? page37. T he last character, which is considered to be the most powerful in the book, and a scene-stealer, is Grandpa. Obviously as the head of the family he has power over his sons, but his high social status and wealth also puts him above and beyond most people. This power to which he attains allows him to do most anything he pleases, without having any confrontations from the towns people.He didnt call for silence. That wasnt his way. He simply stood there his feet planted wide, his pass on his hipspage37. He assumed that once people saw him, they would give him their attention. And they did page37. This example clearly demonstrates the Grandpas superiority over all the people. These where the main characters, in the story, and they demonstrated what it was like to be above the Fringe.Being part of a fringe, means that you do not have much say around others. Native Americans are a common example of what a fringe is like. They isolate themselves from the town, because white people put def eat Native Americans due to their race. Native Americans are not the only people part of the Fringe. At times women may be considered that also. For they are not described by the narrator as much as men, hence showing favoritism of men over women by the author. It is true that Native Americans and women are not as socially high as men.

Impact of Organised Retail Chains on Unorganised Retail Sector

A COMPARITIVE STUDY ON PREFERENCE OF salving DRINKS IN YOUTH REPORT Submitted to Submitted by DR. RAJKUMARCHIRAG GUPTA Roll no. 5382 MBA 5. 4 MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION pic base OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND question MDU,ROHTAK 2010-2011 DECLARATION I Chirag Gupta, student of 5 year M. B. A 4th semester of name of Man eonment Studies and interrogation hereby decl atomic number 18 that the project report titled Preference of cracked confound in youth is a code of critical & independent work carried out by me chthonian supervision & guidance of Dr.Raj Kumar. This has not been previously submitted for the award of any early(a) diploma, degree or other similar degree. The feasibility suggestion has been duly incorporated in the consultation with the supervisor. Signature of the Candidate executive SUMMARY yielding Drinks were common preference among all the individuals, irrespective of their age groups as it had great dirt economic value and great advertisement.Market Resea rch is found on some underlying parameters like Changing using up pattern Advertisements Taste office consciousness Varying lifestyle The story starts with determining the major players in the aristocratical subscribes, their overall consumption pattern among the people and ends up with the conclusion as per the state of chief of the average rational human being.Consumer preferences are changing towards healthier food, and thus much(prenominal) a style will carry on for some time to come. In the soft confuses market of late, most young new products launched digest been foc employ on the health benefits of the soft take ins, like pomegranate juices, calcium-fortified bottled water and a series of reduced-sugar alternatives, with such features not previously so glance overily on tap(predicate) to or heavily promoted at the target audience.TABLE OF CONTENTS SERIAL NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1) INTRODUCTION 1) Industrial visibility 01 2) Major players in soft crispens seg ment 04 3) Study of growth of soft drink market 09 2) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ) Purpose of the study 10 2) Objectives of the study 10 3) Scope of the study 10 4) Research Design 11 5) Sampling Technique utilize 12 6) Selection of Sample Size 12 7) Sources of Data allurement 12 8) Statistical Tools Used 12 3) DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 13 ) limitation OF THE STUDY 24 5) CONCLUSION 25 6) ANNEXURE 6. 1) Questionnaire 26 7) BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 INTRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL PROFILE The soft-drink intentness comprises companies that manufacture non souse beverages and change mineral waters or concentrates and syrups for the manufacture of carbonated beverages.Naturally occurring bubbling or sparkling mineral waters have been popular for thousands of years the ancient Greeks believed that such waters had healthful properties and bathed in them regularly the Romans established resorts around mineral springs throughout Europe. In the 1500s the village of Spa in Belgium became famous for its water s, which by the early 1600s were sold, in bottles, as far away as London, Eng. Development of the runner man- do sparkling or carbonated water is credited to Joseph Priestley, the British scientist who discovered oxygen.In 1772 he invented a method of pushing carbon dioxide into water by dissolving it under pressure, thus creating fairly durable bubbles. The technique led to development of the soft-drink attention. By the beginning of the 19th century, carbonated water was being made commercially in France and North America shortly thereafter, flavours (normally fruit concentrates) were added to enliven the judgement. In the 1820s, small carbonated bottling operations were established in Canada, producing carbonated drinks in refillable bottles which were merchandised as medicinal elixirs or tonics.Most soft drinks are still carbonated to give drinks a tangy bite and to stimulate the tongue. Further more(prenominal), because scent is an important commence of taste, the flavours carried as vapours in the bubbles enhance taste. The principle of pushing carbon dioxide is still used, but this instant the water is original purified in a process known as polishing. Cooled carbon dioxide is then injected at pressures of 275-550 kilopascals. Some of the early drinks bottled in Canada were called Birch Beer, Ginger Beer, Sarsaparilla, Sour Lemon, N wiz-Such Soda Water and Cream Soda.The first carbonated beverage or pop bottles were sealed with corks held tightly in place with a telegraph binding. Because they had to be stored neck down so that the cork would not dry and allow the carbonation to leak away, they were fabricate with rounded bottoms. By the mid-1800s, soft drinks sold in Canada were packaged in 8-ounce (227. 2 ml) round-bottom bottles for intimately 25 cents a dozen, except ginger beer, which was sold in draught form from wooden kegs. pumped(p) cork closures were used until about 1884 with Codds Patented Globe Stoppers (25 types in all). Such cl osures were replaced by the Hutcheson Spring Stopper.The detonator cap was introduced around 1905 and improved versions are still widely used, although they are gradually being replaced, particularly on larger containers, with reclosable screw caps. Other packaging innovations since the mid-1960s include canned carbonated beverages, non revertible crank bottles and containers made from rigid plastics. However, an effort is being made, often through provincial legislation, to increase the use of returnable glass containers. In the efforts early years the number of carbonated-beverage plants increased steadily, most serving small regional markets.In 1929 the industry was made up of 345 turnout plants and the value of shipments reached $12. 3 million. By 1960 the number of plants had increased to 502 and the value of sales to $172. 7 million. Subsequently, consolidation began, prompted by improved production, packaging and distribution facilities. By 1973, 337 plants were in produ ction and the value of shipments was $484 million. In 1985, with sales of about $1. 8 billion, the industry had 187 plants in production Newfoundland had 3 PEI, 1 Nova Scotia, 7 New Brunswick, 8 Quebec, 66 Ontario, 58 Manitoba, 7 Saskatchewan, 10 Alberta, 13 and BC, 14.Production heap has overly increased dramatically in 1939, soft-drink bottlers produced about 162 million litres of carbonated beverages by 1967, production passed 758 million litres in 1986, shipments were estimated at over 2. 1 billion litres and in 1998 that figure rose to 3. 5 billion litres. The industry is regulated by both federal and provincial agencies, 3 of the most important being CONSUMER AND embodied AFFAIRS (responsible for the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act), HEALTH CANADA (which administers the Food and Drugs Act) and Environment Canada (which focuses on environmental matters).The industry is represented by the Canadian Soft Drink Association in Toronto and by several provincial standstills. T he introduction of nutriment carbonated beverages has changed the industrys profile. Several years ago, in response to increasing consumer nourishment consciousness, the industry introduced the first made sugar-free diet drinks using the artificial sweetener cyclamate. But questions were raised about the safety of this additive and, based on existing scientific entropy, Health Canada banningned its use in Canadian commercial FOODS AND BEVERAGES.This decision, estimated to have cost the industry more than $15 million, was a setback to diet-drink development. The industry turned to saccharin, but this as well was eventually banned. Now, a new sugar-free additive, aspartame, has been approved for use in diet soft drinks, and the cyclamate/saccharin situation is not expected to recur because aspartame consists of amino acids, which occur naturally. Aspartame-sweetened diet drinks have had a dramatic effect on the Canadian carbonated-beverage industry.Just before the saccharin ban i n 1977, diet drinks accounted for about 10% of the soft-drink market following the ban the diet share dropped to about 2%, consisting of beverages partially sweetened with small amounts of sugar. In 1982, the first just year that aspartame was used in Canada, diet drinks increased by 15. 2% of meat soft-drink sales, while the total soft-drink industry grew 8%. In 1987 total soft-drink sales increased 5. 3% over 1986, while diet soft-drink sales increased by 10. 7%. This single development has encouraged strong growth in the industry.MAJOR PLAYERS IN SOFT DRINKS SEGMENT COCA COLA pic thanda matlab coca grass Coca cola has unfeignedly remarkable heritage. From a humble beginning in 1886 it has now become the flagship brand of largest manufacturer, distributor of non alky beverages in the world. In India, coca cola was the leading soft drink till 1977 when govt. policies necessitated its departure. Coca cola has made its return to the country in 1993. and made significant investme nt to ensure that the beverage is available to more and more people in remote as well as inaccessible move of the world.Coca cola returned to India in 1993 and over the past ten years has captured the imagination of the nation, building strong association with cricket, the thriving cinema industry, music etc. coca cola has been very strongly associated with cricket, sponsoring the world cup in 1996. In 2002, coca cola launched the campaign,Thanda Matlab coca cola. in 2003,coke was available for just rs,5 crores in the country. FANTA GHOONTH BHAR SHARARAT KAR LEY pic Fanta entered the Indian market in year 1996 under the coca cola brand . ver the years, Fanta has occupied a strong market place and is identified as the fun catalyst. Fanta stands for its vibrant color, tempting taste and tingling bubbles that not just uplifts feelings but also helps free spirit thus encouraging one to indulge in the moment. LIMCA LIME AND LEMONI pic Drink that can cast a tangy refreshing good turn on anyone, anywhere. Born in 1971, Limca has been the original thirst choice, of millions of consumers for over three decades. The brand has been displaying healthy garishness growing year on year and limca continues to be leading flavoring soft drinks in the country.Dive into the zingy recreation of limca and walk away a new person. THUMS UP TASTE THE THUNDER pic Strong cola taste, provoke individual(prenominal)ity. Thums up is a leading carbonated soft drink and most trusted brand in India. Originally introduced in 1977, thums up was acquired by the coca cola company in 1993. Thums up, is, known for strong, effervescent taste and its confident, mature and uniquely masculine attitude. This brand nettly seeks to separate the man from the boys. SPRITE SPIRITE BHUJAYE PYAAS BAKI SAB BAKWAAS pic field wide sprite ranked as no. soft drink and is sold in more than 190 countries In India, sprite was launched in year 1999 and today it has grown to be one of the fast-paced growing so ft drinks, leading clear lime category. Today sprite is perceived as a youth icon. With strong appeal to youth sprite has stood for a straight forward and honest attitude. Its clear crisp hingtaste encourages todays youth to trust their instincts, influence them to be true who they are and to follow their thirst. MAAZA YAARI DOSTI TAAZA MAAZA pic Maaza was launched in 1976. In 1993, maaza was acquired by coca cola India. Maaza currently dominates the fruit drink category.Over the years, maaza has become synonymic with mango. Taaza Mango, Maaza mango, Botal mei aam, maaza hai naam. consumers regard maaza as wholesome, natural, fun loving drink real experience of fruit. The campaign builds on the existing equity of the brand and delivers a relevant emotional benefit to the moms rightly captured in tagline, yaari dosti, and taaza maaza. PEPSI YEH DIL MAANGE more pic Pepsi cola is a carbonated beverage that is produced and manufactured by Pepsi co. It is sold in stores, restaurants an d from vending machines. The drink was first made in the 1890s in North Carolina.The brand was trademarked on June 16, 1903. in that respect have been many Pepsi variants produced over the years. Diet Pepsi Crystal Pepsi Pepsi twist Pepsi max Pepsi samba Pepsi blue Pepsi specious Pepsi holiday spice Pepsi jazz Pepsi x(available in Finland & brazil) Pepsi next(available in Japan & south Korea) STUDY OF GROWTH OF SOFT DRINK MARKET SOFT DRINKS Carbonated drinks are dominated by artificial flavors based on cola, orange and lime with Pepsi and coca-cola dominating the market. The entire part of the drink is based on its artificial flavors and bait agents as no natural juice is used.MARKET Cola products account for nearly 61-62% of the total soft drinks market. dickens global majors Pepsi and coke dominate the soft drink market. NCAER postdate says 91% of soft drink in the country is in the lower, lower middle and upper middle class people. The market is expense aroun d Rs. 5000 crores with growth rate of around 10-15%. The annual per capita consumption in India is only about 6 bottles vis- a- Vis 340 bottles in the U. S. The production as soft drinks has increased from 5670 million bottles in 1998-99 to 6230 million bottles in 1999-2000 industry source. Growth market this year is expected to be 10-15% in value terms and 20-22% in volume terms. However, the market for carbonated drinks is stagnating and not growing as expected. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The briny aim of this question study is to analyze the preference of youth on consumption patterns and preference of Soft Drinks. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY To study the preferences of the youth for soft drinks. To find out the factor(s) that influences the consumers consumption of soft drinks. To test the know-how of the consumers regarding the various existing brands of soft drinks. To know the size of the soft drink purchase for in-person and household purpose. To know the f requency of consumption of soft drink. SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study is confined MDU campus Rohtak. seasonal worker drinks are not considered in the study. We are considering only canned and bottled drinks. We are not considering health & alcoholic drinks. RESEARCH DESIGN A interrogation design is a framework or blueprint for conducting the merchandising research project. It specifies the details of the procedures necessary for obtaining the information ask to structure and/or solve marketing research problem.On the basis of fundamental object glasss of the research we can classify research design into two general types 1) wildcat RESEARCH 2) CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH Exploratory research is one type of research design, which has its primary objective the provision of insights into, and comprehension of, the problem situation confronting the researcher. decisive research is designed to assist the decision noble in determining evaluating and selecting the best course of action to take in a given situation. Conclusive research can be further divided into two types- Descriptive ExperimentalThe research design used in this project is a DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN. Descriptive study as the name implies is designed to answer for something-for example the characteristics of users of a given product, the degree to which the product use varies with income, age, etc. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE utilise This research has used convenience sampling technique. 1) Convenience sampling technique Convenience sampling is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth. As the name implies, the sample is selected because they are convenient.SELECTION OF SAMPLE SIZE For the study, a sample size of 60 has been interpreted into consideration. SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION Research will be based on two sources 1. Primary data 2. Secondary data 1) PRIMARY DATA Questionnaire Primary data was collected by preparing questionnaire a nd the people were every which way being requested to fill them. 2) SECONDARY DATA Secondary data will consist of dissimilar literatures like books which are published, articles, internet and websites. In order to reach relevant conclusion, research work needed to be designed in a proper way.STATISTICAL TOOLS USED The main statistical tools used for the collection and analyses of data in this project are Questionnaire Bar Diagrams DATA ANALYSIS & FINDINGS Statistics Statistics Statistics Who decide the Do you read selection of soft instruction written drink for household? on the packaging of soft drink? N Valid 60 60 Missing 0 0 Mean 2. 8167 1. 6167 Median 3. 0000 2. 0000 humour 3. 00 2. 0 Variance . 356 . 240 Do you like soft drink? pic LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY LIMITATION OF THE STUDY ? The study was confined to University Campus MDU Rohtak only. ? Chances of some biasness could not be eliminated. ? Yo uth are assumed to be between the age 15 to 25 ? Time was the major constrain. Only limited sample size (60) was possible for such a vast research on such a period of time . i. e. one month ? Interaction with the respondents was also limited due to their busy work. Due to the changing life style and preferences, it was not necessary that they will consume same soft drink every time. ? There was a feel that respondent will make assumptions while filling the questionnaire. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Following are the net points taken into consideration after the conduct of the research study ? An important finding that emerged out of the survey was that 91%of youth like to have soft drinks while 9% not like. ? Through the research it was conveyed that weekly consumption of soft drinks is more than daily consumption. ? Most of the respondents took soft drink without any moderateness. ? stay majority of the respondents consume soft drinks at the time of parties & celebrations. Most of th e respondents consume soft drinks because of its taste. ? Most of the respondents were of the nonsubjective view that advertisements affect their purchases. ? Most of the respondent likes Dew. ? Most of them consume 300ml pack for personal usage. ? Packaging doesnt influence the purchase of most of the respondents. ? Most of them dont read instruction written on the package of soft drink. ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE Respected Sir/Madam A Research Project is being pursued in IMSAR on Preference of soft drink in youth. Kindly extend your cooperation & enable us doing the project successfully. This information is used for academic purpose. PERSONAL DETAILS Name .Age . Gender ? Male ? young-bearing(prenominal) Qualification ? Graduate ? Under Graduate ? Post Graduate ? Other (Specify) 1) Do you like soft drinks? Yes No 2) Where do you mostly consume soft drink? PartyCafeHome 3) Frequency of consumption of soft drink in a week? Daily 2-4times more than 4 times once in a week 4) On what occasions, do you often consume the Soft Drinks? Feeling Thirsty Without any reason (just like that) ? Parties / Celebrations ? Others, please specify.. 5) What induces you to buy Soft Drinks?Price with quantity Health Drink Status symbol Taste Variety Advertisement 6) Which soft drink do you like more? Dew fag Cocacola Pepsi Limca Maaza Other (specify) 7) Do advertisements influence your purchases? Strongly Agree ? Agree impersonal disagree Strongly Disagree ? 8) Do you agree that packaging influence consumer purchase decision? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree ) Please tick the size of soft drink you purchase for personal consumption? 200 ml 250ml 300ml500ml other (specify) 10) Which soft drink is served to the guest in your home? Dew pouf CocacolaPepsi LimcaMaazaOther (specify).. 11) Who decide the selection of soft drink for household? FatherMother Himself/Herself Other(Specify). 12) Do you read instruction written on the packaging of soft drink? YesNo BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Beverage www. foodindustryindia. com http//fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=25105=3 http//fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? rticleid=24983=3 http//fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=24965=3 http//fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=24849=3 http//fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=25039=3 http//www. foodindustryindia. com/newfood/detailnews. jsp? n=Xtazy,%20another%20energy%20drink%20for%20the%20Indian%20market=598 http//fnbnews. com/redfr. asp? fn=/other/aboutus. asp=About%20UsFood www. google. com Kothari C R, Research and Methodology- Methods & Techniques, New Age worldwide (P) Ltd. , 2004 pic 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9picpic 24 27 25 12