The Effects of Depression and Antidepressants on Sexual Health and the Research Paper

The Effects of falloff and Antidepressants on Sexual Health and the Sexual Response Cycle - Research Paper Example familiarity of the terminology commonly used in intimate and custodytal health studies is crucial for the plain of the interrelationship between the two. The physiology of internal functioning can be best described through the internal reception cycle which is divided into four phases i.e. go for, excitement, orgasm and resolution. The inner response cycle is regulated by a multi-component system involving endocrine glands, autonomic nervous system, sex hormones and neurotransmitters which intimates the relationship between sexual health and mental health. Sexual dysfunction refers to problems experienced during any of the phases of the sexual response cycle hence preventing an individual from obtaining gratification from sexual activity. Statistics present on sexual dysfunction indicate that about 41% of women and 34% of men in the general population experienc ed various manifestations of sexual problems ranging from diminished libido, vaginal dryness, erect dysfunction, immature ejaculation and anorgasmia (Outhoff, 2009). Further breakdown of the epidemiology reveals that 35% of women and 16% of men experience inhibited sexual desire 10-20% of men experience premature ejaculation while a further 35% experience erectile dysfunction. The prevalence of orgasm problems among women is 5-15% (Baldwin et al. 2003). Among the several causes of sexual disorders, discovery of a link with psychopathology stands out with sexual dysfunction being a common symptom among depressed individuals as indicated by the fact that sexual dysfunction occurs in only 26% of normal individuals while it stands at 45% of depression cases. far-flung use of antidepressant medications also led to the realization that such drugs had an adverse effect on sexual functioning with several experimental studies confirming this (Jespersen, 2006). The strong link between depr ession, antidepressants and sexual dysfunction on base the grave statistics of sexual problems are the considerations that informed this study. Undertaking this study is important as more association on the link between the two needs to be generated through experimental, meta-analytical and review approaches and the look for findings communicated to medical checkup practitioners especially with the growing importance of evidence-based practice. Such research findings have the potential of influencing the prescription and treatment decisions for depression. This study will undertake to review literature from experimental studies into the effects of depression and antidepressant medications on the sexual response cycle after which the implications of the study findings on sexual health intervention research and polity will be discussed. The approach of the literature review will be through analyzing information from experimental research into the issue with focus given to work fr om the turn of the millennium so as to select up-to-date findings on the subject. Each study will be analyzed in terms of research topic theory, the method undertaken for the research and finally the research findings and conclusions arrived at by the researchers. Review of Literature Peng et al. (2006) undertook a study to find out the relationship between physiological and psychological factors with sexual dysfu

Debt Crisis in the Euro-zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Debt Crisis in the Euro-zone - adjudicate ExampleNations such(prenominal) as Greece, Ireland and Portugal, who are currently way deep recession, meet the definition of a full-blown economic depression (Schuman, 2011). The depreciation of the euro relative to the home currency will make Euro-zone exports cheaper in global markets this as a result would increase the competitive pressure in the home country. At the same date, it was observed in the last quarter of 2011, manufacturing industry weakened from China to Europe and euro characters debt crisis is expected to darken the outlook of the global economy. Before going any further, it would be kindle to infrastand why it is necessary and helpful for countries to borrow and then to accumulate debt. Foreign borrowing is seen by governments as an addition to domestic saving, this borrowing helps in connecting to an investment saving gap and thus this leads to acquit quicker growth, this is usually considered as final and vital eco nomic goal for any country. The Mundell-Fleming model amalgamates the overseas finance and trade into a macro-economic theory. The theory came into evolution in the early 1960s and was introduced by the extensive Canadian Economist and the winner of 1999 Nobel Price Award, Robert Mundell. He was also heavily helped and facilitated by the British economist, J. Marcus Fleming. During the time period when this theory came into existence, both these economists were a part of the research team within the famous global Monetary Fund. While carrying out their research towards the Mundell-Fleming model, they enhanced the conventional Keynesian model in to such an idle economy system whereby the capital and the goods market were internationally incorporated (Hailu et al, 2011). The Mundell-Fleming model is of the view that under a flexible exchange rate management system, the financial policy has almost none or little effect over the final yield or output whilst the monetary system is hugely valuable. This situation shows an entire mirror image when a fixed exchange rate is adopted i.e. the fiscal policy becomes effective rather than the monetary policy. The hypothesis that international money markets are completely amalgamate plays an important role in formulating these results. One of the major suppositions that the Mundell-Fleming model makes is that the economy under consideration is an open economy whereby the financial capital has an ideal mobility. The Mundell-Fleming model and the traditional IS-LM model are similar to severally other when expressing the market for goods and services. One of the differences is that the Mundell-Fleming model includes a fresh terminology for net exports this can be portrayed with the following equation Y = C(Y -T) + I (r) + G + NX (E) Whereby Y= The aggregate/cumulative income C= Consumption, I= Investment G= Government purchases (Y T)= Disposable Income r = Interest rate NX = Net Exports E= Exchange Rate According to th is equation, the total aggregate income of any country is the totting up of all these diverse factors. The consumption factor within the equation is positively dependent upon the disposable income whilst the investments and the net exports are negatively dependent upon the real interest and exchange rates respectively (Serrano et al, n.d.). The Mundell-Fleming model provides an understanding that clearly helps in analysing the consequences of adopting

Business Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Decision Making - Assignment ExampleBasically, reduced taxes on boldnesss atomic number 18 best for fresh firms. Low taxes would mean that sore firms battling to the mainstream can retain virtually of their profits. Likewise, disbursement by the establishment assists fresh firms. The government is able to give out revenue by redistributing it to those brisk organizations through subsidized loan, grants, or other forms of spending which are driven towards new or splendid firms. The government may as well spend more funds to form a league with a fresh high society. Such happens within the local and state government level. For instance, a Supermarket research organization may be awarded federal or state loans and grants in order to start up new stories of supermarket (Lewis 56). Normally there are usually disagreements over the monetary and fiscal policy. Some individuals and organizations assert that the government must redistribute funds from income taxes simply bec ause people will gain in the long impress from more establishments of supermarket gillyflowers. Some are also arguing that the government ought to redistribute funds from business since these firms are already making lots of profits and it is very essential to have alternative stores departments. From a distinct perspective, many are not of the idea that the government must be involved. The reasoning is that if establishing a supermarket store is a good business idea, the funds from the government would not be in any need. The repair reason why these funds are required is because the business not efficient enough to economise itself. So it is like the government is promoting unsuccessful firms while punishing those which have become successful. This is seen as an unsustainable pass given that the playacting organizations struggle as the worst performing ones acquire more funds. Eventually, the best performing firms will die off, only leaving unsustainable firms which would ot herwise die off if it were not for this government (Alvarez 39). P2.3 uphold of APPLE company contention policy Apple Inc. is a multinational corporation in America. The company has a strong brand name which makes it to be considered as one of the most successful companies in the world that deals with electronics. According to Porter E. Michael, there are 5 main forces of competition in the reckoner industry. The following are some of the competitive forces for the Apple Company the bargaining top executive of the suppliers, the bargaining power of the consumers, the intensity of the existing rivalry among its competing firms, threat of substitutes, and the threat of new competitors. The 2 most important competition forces for Apple Company include the bargaining power of the suppliers, and the bargaining power of the consumers. The bargaining power of the suppliers is the dexterity of the Apple firm to negotiate some good terms which is largely influenced by the firms that it r elies on. Apple is cognise to have good bargaining power among its suppliers since they are in a position to outsource most of their manufacturing. They are also having the capacity to vertically integrate by producing some supplies on their own. This has allowed them to

Advanced medical-surgical nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Advanced medical-surgical feel for for - Essay Examplerocedures and equipment, coping with incomplete and rapidly ever-changing medical knowledge, addressing workforce shortages and ensuring appropriate adherence to correct procedures with right nursing attitude. These finer concepts in nursing when applied lead to the identification and establishment of a patients risk management process deep down the general ultimate design of a health pity process. Such processes are more than required at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)/facilities of any hospital as ICU is one of the most hypercritical services of any hospital and the quality of such critical patients response is important in ascertain the success of the entire hospital itself. In the following paragraphs we examine the application of the finer concepts of nursing care in three specific areas of nursing the critically ill patient. Areas discussed, with relative analysis are airline business management, sensory imbalance/ove rload and family communication within the intensive care unit. The discussions in these areas of nursing care become more pertinent if the patient is mechanically ventilated.Both short and long duration airline business management in critically ill patients require substantial caution and skills. Right approach which loafer be termed a model approach is still being evolved in research algorithms. Difficult public exposure has generally been reckoned as a state in which a trained anesthetist experience softness to maintain the oxygen saturation more than 90% using a face mask for public discussion and 100% inspired oxygen, given that the pre-ventilation oxygen saturation level was within the acceptable range.(American,1993) Difficult canulisation ,on the other hand, has been reckoned as the need for more than three intubation attempts or attempts at intubations that last more than 10 minutes.(American,1993) Schwartz et al (1995) furnish data that 3% of critically ill patients h ospitalized suffer death within 30 minutes of administering emergency intubation, and another 8% of intubation events

Summary, analysis and response paper for Media studies Assignment

Summary, analysis and response paper for Media studies - Assignment ExampleStudents even Google during lectures if they take heed from teacher something unknown. It really is an discipline age where we are free t o learn without borders, thank to open course ware regime and free resources like Wikipedia, Khan Academy, etc.Prof. Sherry Turkle, Director, MIT Initiative on applied science and Self, says that MIT hosts brightest students in the world. But theres something wrong with them as they think that multitasking can see them best which is not right. Mr. David Jvirtuosos, Associate Professor with MIT also says that students are multitasking and they are distracted by everything thats why they are not performing as much as they should be due to these distractions that could be a laptop, a phone and etc. This attitude of students is also affecting the teaching method of teachers. A bailiwick conducted by NASA on chronic multitasking youths shows that at a time, people can do on e task better than more than one task. Multitasking affects the productivity of individuals. Another concept is the affects of multi task to header. Another study at University of California reveals that there is a 2 fold increase in use of brain while searching on Google than reading a book.In this video a chapter is reserved for providing information about the youth of South Korea. Gaming craze has resulted in addiction in South Korea that disposal is seriously concerned about the psychological changes on the youth. This video also emphasizes on teaching with technology. Technology has made it easy to teach students with state of the art technology. Although interviews conducted in this video shows students who believe that they can do multitasking with equal required attention but a teacher at MIT observed that the level of judgment is decreasing in new tech savvy generation. With a lot of types of entertainment in their hand, these students are not concentrating on their stud ies.Our mutual

What Is The Primary Teacher's Perspective of History in the National Essay

What Is The primary Teachers Perspective of History in the National Curriculum today in Keystage 1 - Essay precedentGovernment policy (both conservative and Labour)has been bitterly criticised for providing a system which is either too elitist or insufficiently so, wasteful of human resources, which is insufficiently demanding of the nations children, or which simply fails to compete with the genteelness systems of different industrialised countries. During their long period of government the Conservatives sought to eliminate some of this criticisms in accordance with their semipolitical philosophy. The results have been mixed and controversial. On coming into office Labour made education its priority for perfect transformation. It said it wished to avoid the ideological warfare of previous administrations. The controversy surrounding education results partly from special(prenominal) historical developments, briefly described below, but also from awareness that the broad mass of schools perform little well than their counterparts in other industrialised countries.New laws have been introduced to implement the Governments education reforms, the most significant of which are the beliefal reforms Act 1988, the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 and the Education Acts of 1993 and 1994.promote value for money through the local or devolved management of schools by delegating obligation for budget and management decisions directly to school level for all primary, secondary and special schoolsbuild on the success of city technology colleges in urban areas and establish a network of technology colleges to erect free secondary education with a strong bias towards science, technology and mathematicsimprove teaching quality, notably through the introduction of teacher appraisal and by reforms in teacher training to instruction on practical skills in the classroom, to ensure that the National Gallery is taught adequatelyThe National Curriculum was introduced in all state

Meeting the Needs of Different Client Groups Assignment

merging the Needs of Different Client Groups - Assignment ExampleThis paper looks into the provisions of private fostering, and in doing so, it outlines rough of the rules and responsibilities that guide the client and the caregiver as well. Conversely, the paper provides an evaluation of two models of care, the Orems Self tending model and the Roper, Logan and Tierneys activities of living, thereby revealing how they relate to the case in consideration.Majorities of friends or family carers act in an daily manner by agreeing with the people holding parental responsibility for a child, identified as the client in this case. For this reason, the initial arrangement between Rachels parents and Traceys parents to accommodate Rachel in their contribute was informal in nature. However, given that Traceys parents agreed to accommodate Rachel for a number of months, which is more than the informal care threshold set by the law, the parents have to visit the childrens service office to hold the private fostering arrangement. As required by the law, the parents had to contact the childrens function office to define that Traceys parents had the ability to look after Rachel in a proper manner, which includes ensuring that they do not cave in her to any risk, given that she will be living away from her legal guardians.The main responsibility of the carers, in this case, is to safeguard and promote the eudaemonia of the clients under their care. For this reason, the first consideration would be to inform the local council of such an arrangement, even though quite a number of the carers do not do it. The carer should meet this exigency to allow social services to check on whether the client is receiving proper care. It is vital for social services to be made aware of such an arrangement in order to preserve and uphold the welfare of a potentially vulnerable child.

Non invasive Ventilation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Non invasive Ventilation - Essay fashion modelSoo Hoo (2010) explains that NIV has now become an essential tool in managing chronic and acute respiratory failure, in diminutive care unit and in the home setting. One reason as to why the use non-invasive ventilation has been on the increase is the desire to prevent invasive ventilations complications. Although highly reliable and sound in sustaining alveolar ventilation, the complications risks of endotracheal intubation/invasive automatonlike ventilation are renowned. The advantages of non-invasive ventilation include the position that it permits unhurrieds to expectorate secretions, to verbalize, to drink and to eat it leaves the upper airway unharmed and safeguards airway defense mechanisms. NPPV decreases infectious mechanical ventilations complications and compared to endotracheal intubation, it may enhance portability, convenience, and comfort at a cost no great or even lower. In addition, it may be possible to administer NIV outside of the setting of intensifier care, thereby permitting caregivers to make use of acute-care beds more rationally. NPPV also makes chronic respiratory failure patients care in the home much simpler (Mehta and Hill, 2001). Others include improved patient comfort, early ventilatory support, reduced sedation requirements, patient can cooperate with physiotherapy, among others.

Five Reasons to Stop Saying Good Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Five Reasons to Stop Saying Good Job - Essay object lessonOne of the most important consequences of saying Good Job to a child constantly, Kohn argues, is that it reduces the childs real achievement. As if it werent bad enough that Good job potty undermine independence, pleasure, and interest, it can also interfere with how good a job children actually do. Researchers keep finding that kids who are praised for doing fountainhead at a creative task tend to stumble at the next task and they go int do as well as children who werent praised to begin with. (Kohn) In a wistful analysis of this argument made by Kohn, it becomes evident that the pen is highly sensible in reservation this point, because practical experience as well as research evidences supports his claim. One must agree with the author that it is time to stop praising children by saying Good Job because it creates pressure to the youngsters to keep up the good work. It is unquestionable fact that Good job often ignore s the thoughts, feelings, and values behind the behaviors of human beings and it regrettably promotes the less desirable motives in the child.

Student Notebook 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Student Notebook 1 - Essay ExampleInitially it was affiliated to the Boulevard Baptist perform who also funded the kickoff owned premises and building for the church. The church took its present name in 1967. During the first half of the 1970s the church faced financial problems and there were even discussions of closing the church. But a pastor named John Vaughn agreed to build up social station again. He was able to increase its membership from forty five to above hundred with a period of three years. He also became the header pastor of the church. Soon, it became impossible to accommodate all the members and some of them had to stand outside when attending mass and another(prenominal) functions. In 1978, a tragedy in the Vaughn family in the form a fire turned arouse for the church. The burns received by the couples daughter and the tremendous resilience shown by the family concisely created a lot of public attention and sympathy. Membership increased to more than nine hund red in spite of appearance two years. In 1994 the congregation bought a two acre tract of land and built a large church that is now seen today. The church now has approximately 1200 members. This paper answers six questions related to different areas faith, stamp and administration and are answered one by one below.It is interesting to note that the US Constitution has rightly allowed religion to be free in the country. It means that no religious institution needs to be incorporated (or have a constitution) as a legal entity under statute. Those who exercise the option put up do so voluntarily even though this option has certain legal implication that has twain advantages and disadvantages. This clause was included in the First Amendment of the US Constitution when Thomas Jefferson was president of the country and was ground upon a excoriate he wrote. The clause is referred to as the wall of separation. The first part of this beautifully worded sentence is given here to show the respect

How might an anthropologist analyse a mainstream film Essay

How might an anthropologist analyse a mainstream film - Essay ExampleThe depiction of the characters in the movie is not only racist in more ways than one, it is also highly sexist. It takes historically inaccurate facts and places the burden of a sexist society upon the tribes of America. The vision that the director and the makers of the movie endorse is extremely problematic and make for disturbing viewing when looked through with a postcolonial and feminist approach. The dissection of the movie in this piece of music shall then proceed with the gaze of an anthropologist. Another factor that shall be looked into is the fact that Gibsons movie was a mainstream one and hence factors in popular notions regarding other cultures. This then brings in the elements of reception and the cultural attitudes that atomic number 18 prevalent in the American and also global population. What sections of the population are targeted is also something that needs to be discussed here. This paper sh all seek to look at these elements of the debate and also a psychoanalytic approach into the mind of why certain races are depicted as they are in popular culture. However, there is another(prenominal) side to this debate. The changes that are introduced into the mentation of the Mayans represent the idea of difference between the urban center and the forest deep down Mayan culture. The movie is then an indictment of Mayan elite culture that according to Gibson had degenerated into a set of mindless rituals. The city becomes the center of all forms of evil that Gibson associates with Mayan culture. This is then contrasted with the culture that is prevalent within the geographical confines of the colony. This village is then the site of family and bonding between different members of the same society. It is a self-sufficient unit that is understood to be a space where traditional aspects of Mayan life are followed without there being a depravation of these ways. There is howeve r, also the presence of technology in the form of traps and other devices that smoothen the life of the wad in the villages. There is thus, an endorsement of the idea of the noble masher as Jean Jacques Rousseau thought of it. It discussed the idea of man in a pure state which made him not merely a savage but also a noble one that was purer than the man who had been corrupted by civilization (Basic sentiment Primitivism and the Noble Savage). Throughout the movie, aspects of Mayan culture are denigrated and the only character whose perspective is taken for a large part of the movie is that of the protagonist, panther deal. The movie traces the life that this character leads where a process of resolution takes place between different tribes within America. The fickleness of power is made clear in this cast of transfer of power takes place very frequently. One of the people who were met by Jaguar Paw is posterior seen as a captive within a matter of a few days. All of this lea ds to the serial publication of human sacrifices that take place at the Mayan temple in an effort to appease the Mayan god Kukulkan. The depravity of the culture of the elite and those that live in the city are talked of in this movie. The connection between Jaguar Paw and the nature of his homeland is repeatedly stressed. This can also be seen in the way in which the forest decimates the people of the city who seek to kill Jaguar Paw. The connection between Jaguar Paw and his homeland

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Response - Essay Exampleation from the news hold proves to be true, the reporters responsible can be said to have snooped around the comp whatsoever and gathered that cultivation from spate in that company before the companys CEO officially released the information to the media. If the information was from cabal release, then all the news articles and even the companys website should have the same inform date.The reporting could non be fairer because the reporters of this information did not follow the correct, reliable and verifiable route of gathering information and it could have been misreported because the sources of the information were not credible. It is also not fair that the reporter of this news article cut to snoop around and get this information earlier than other reporters. This is more so because it casts doubt to the believability of other news articles on this website and on the internet in general. The credibility of the company is also draw to test and this is not fair.If the source was to be an schoolman study, then issues of scientific review should have been considered. This subject matter that credibility of the article should be able to be verified by other sources and that every factor of that article should be matching with the original source of the news and with other sources and news articles as well.An academic study news report should also be reliable. This means that there should not be any doubt of the information when its source is scrutinized by other academicians who are mostly scientifically granted the dresser to render the information reliable. If reliability and validity of the information casts a shadow of doubt as to it organism scientific and peer reviewed, then it can qualify to be academic study information.The article does not explain on detail the reasons why the companies which were to merge decided to pull out of the deal in the last minute despite the deal having been formulated and agreed upon over several months before the news. The article

Uniform commercial code Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Uniform commercial code - Assignment ExampleIt would be advisable to communicate presently with them. If they refuse to cooperate and clear the front porch, it would then be acceptable to bear upon the lawyer. You need to contemplate the compound and confirm that the cleaning and laundry supplies are indeed piled there. It would be easier if this matter could be determined amicably out of court.3. allege the worker to leave the dishwasher as it is. Call the dishwasher usefulness line to ask for assistance. Ask them to inspect the dishwasher and ascertain the damage done. If they agree to fix the dishwater and in addition reimburse plates, then that would be a fair settlement. It would be vital if you could keep the melted plates as evidence in case they are required.4. Call the son and ask him to explain to you exactly what happened. Inform the lawyer of everything that has happened, and consider the boy to talk to the lawyer and narrate the whole story to him. The medicine t hat the lymph gland used should be stored in a safe place and left untouched. It would be important to contact the police and inform them of the entire situation.5. Communicate with the food supplier and request a meeting with him to cover the issue. Ask him to calculate how much this would cost. Inform the lawyer of this new development and then carefully go ahead with these plans. It is important to keep all the typed documentation of all the necessary requirements, as well as signed agreements, receipts, and bills.7. Inform him that it is possible to pay by cheque. Ask for photocopies of his identification documents. Keep a beetle off of the cheque, as well as one of the bank slip. Keep these documents in safe storage and hold you have all of his contacts.9. Confirm attendance with the B&B restaurant owner. Make sure that you have accompaniment as you go meet him. Do not reveal too much ships company information and keep the meeting brief and formal as possible.10. Inspect th e scene of the accident and draw and quarter sure you

Don't ask, don't tell, policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dont ask, dont tell, policy - Essay ExampleOne of the greatest arguments against this policy is in get a line to what an individuals sexual orientation has to do with serving in the unify States military. Being gay, lesbian, or bisexual is not a physical anomaly or something mental or psychological that would go along that soul from performing their military duties to the best of their ability. It is a way of life, but not something that effects how a person lives or serves their country. As such, a persons sexual orientation should not be considered when a person is trying to join the military to fight for the freedom of their people, a concept which is seen as al or so hypocritical people of the gay community are not free to be themselves when absentminded to join the military, yet the purpose of the military is to continue to fight for the freedom of people that are stillness oppressed, which can be seen as the gay community in the eyes of the United States military.The Dont Ask, Dont Tell Policy is among one of the most discriminatory policies in existence in the United States. In a country that prides itself on openness, acceptance, and diversity, the military fails at displaying many of these concepts (Belkin & Bateman, 2003). Bluntly stated, the United States military sexually discriminates every time that an openly gay, lesbian or bisexual individual makes it populate that they want to join the military, though this accusation is often denied and a nonsense excuse is made up as to why people open about their orientation should not be in the military. The most favorable of these excuses is the living arrangements, with the military being concerned about the comfort of its members should an openly gay person join their ranks and their close living quarters. It should be none of the militarys concern what the sexual beliefs of their members are, middling as long as they are physically, mentally and emotionally

Transactional and Transformational Leadership Assignment - 1

Transactional and Transformational Leadership - Assignment ExampleTransformational and transactional leadership relate to trait theory, skills approach, and the behavioral perspective in a number of ways. The trait theory primarily dwells on the fact that leaders constitution influences their levels of performance at the workplace (Laureate Education, 2012). Thus, as a leader may be applying his innate skills of leadership he can choose to incorporate the transformational approach. The transformational approach comes in through motivation of the employees to working ponderous towards ensuring that the overall objectives set are achieved (Danforth et al., 2010). The leader can in like manner use the transformational approach to make his subjects likeminded and reorient towards achieving the set objects. As well, the transactional theory may be utilize in the traits theory to offer care and concordling of employees. This approach can be adopted when the leader is seeking to fin d quality results by supervising the manner in which the employees work.The skills approach takes into account the knowledge and skills of the leader. Most of this knowledge is obtained from learning and determine from previous work. Looking at the skills approach vis a vis the transactional and transformational approach, it is evident that the two styles can be used together to enhance the productivity of the employees. A skillful leader may adopt the transformational approach in encouraging and motivating the employees to work hard towards achieving the intended objectives. Relatively, the transactional approach can be adopted in the skill theory when the leader intends to supervise the manner in which the employees work (Eliyana, 2010). The transactional leadership, therefore, enables the leader to take control of the work environment and monitor closely what the employees are doing.The behavioral perspective of leadership can also be used together with the transformational and transactional leadership.

Enviromental problems in Haiti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Enviromental problems in Haiti - Essay Examplee, flooding in Mapou and Fond-Verettes ca substance abused the death of over 2,000 Haitians in may 2004 and only 4 months later, in September 2004, 3,000 people died after Tropical Storm Jeanne / Forum on the Environmental Crisis in Haiti, 2004 /.Haiti is an island, which constitutes 1/3 of Hispaniola, and occupies 1,770 km of coastline. Due to the climate and geographical situation the island had super rich flora and fauna, but in the last century great climate changes occurred, which caused the change of the tout ensemble general view of the island. One of the greatest problems of Haiti is deforestation of major territory of the island. Over 98% of on the whole forests covering the island were destroyed, which entailed serious consequences like massive land erosion and sedimentation, which in its turn had the gravest possible ready on marine resources / Haiti and San Andrs Join COSALC, 2006 /.Now when we look at the natural picture of the Haiti island we would master a grave picture of previously rich forests only 1.5 % survived, 15,000 hectargons of arable land become unfit every year, almost all water sources are seriously contaminated, rich biodiversity of Haiti was greatly influenced and destroyed /Paryski, 1996 /.The worse is that that the biological problems of Haiti go beyond the problems of the single island but threatens the environment of neighboring islands. For example, the same environmental problems are now also experienced in the Dominican Republic. The whole Hispaniola felt that the population of wintering and breeding birds bring down sharply and coral reefs disappear sharply /Paryski, 1996 /.Now let us dwell in more than detail on the problems of the environment of Haiti. It should be also remembered that these problems are for the most part common with the other(a) small island developing states.The first problem concerns land resources, which decrease considerably due to the bad-cons idered land use policy, great number and density of the population and the influence

Final Proposal Essay Example for Free

Final Proposal EssayIn 2009 the land Footb wholly League ran into fiscal trouble. The league has since been purchased and now looks ready to reemerge as a more(prenominal) financially secure business. Some give tongue to the AFL tried to do too much too soon. With a large television contract on a major net dally, and eigh setn spicy regular season and player salaries sound into six figures, I would agree. The league couldnt control cost, so they couldnt accept money. The problem wasnt fan interest and low attention it was a league working bulge outside of their means. By watching, and experiencing both(prenominal) of these mistakes I go forth attention with a model to develop a second tier indoor(prenominal)(a) football plot of land game league. My model ordain non feat and do too much too fast. I pass on attempt to find focusings to reduce expenditures.There waste been galore(postnominal) indoor leagues and indoor league franchises that assume folded or closed in(p) down operations. One way I depart stress and save on start-up expenses is approach these aggroups and leagues to try and purchase somewhat of those assets. These assets may include equipwork forcet standardised helmets and shoulder pads or even the turf to catch ones breath down inside the airfield with the dasher pads that c all over the walls to protect the players. Finding these items at low cost leave help in the long run. Arena football is perfect for many people. The fleshy core football fan will like the hard hitting, and quick scoring. Families like arena football, because its an inexpensive way to work out the family to a sporting event, and the players are more accessible then NFL players. Its a fun summer date activity that e preciseone gutter enjoy. I will make sure that swap and tag ends remain at an affordable price so that many families tramp feel that they are going out for an affordable evening of sport and they git feel comfortable obtaining the entire family. I will start ticket prices at seven dollars per single game.With a home schedule of six games we dejection begin merchandise season passes at just forty-two dollars. The go cost for a family to attend an NFL game derriere cost hundreds of dollars. A single premium ticket to see the New York Giants in 2012 cost $ 464.75. However, team up merchandising Report bases its findings on average ticket prices, and in 2012 that runs at $78.38, or $313.53 for four. ( chawbacon sports 2012) A family can purchase several season passes andattend every home game with the family as opposed to buy tickets to just one NFL game. The average cost of just one beer is $7.28. Football fans are no eight- sidereal day hold in to just Budweiser and Miller when they go to the stadium. According to Esquires NFL Stadium Food Power Rankings, many craft brews are available at NFL games, including Goose Island Honkers Ale and Red Bridge Gluten-Free beer. On average, NFL fans can seem to pay $7.28 for a small beer at the stadium.The most expensive are found at San Diegos Qualcomm Stadium and Buffalos Ralph Wilson Stadium, where the cost is $9. The study assumes two beers will be purchased, or $14.56. (Yahoo sports 2012) I will work out a way for vendors and the arenas to pay back those costs down. Some arenas and opposite venues do non allow a fan tailgate in order to lose those paying customers inside. I will make sure the leagues venues allow a pregame atmosphere where fans can bring their own refreshments and not have to worry about high costs inside. The average cost of a hot hotdog is $4.84. There is no substitute for a in effect(p) old fashioned hot dog. According to team Marketing Report, thats $4.84 or $19.36 for four. (Yahoo sports 2012)Parking fees are always a major concern when attendance major sporting events like NFL games. Sports venues are often accessible by mass transit, but many will still drive to games. The average cost for p arking is $27.35. (Yahoo sports 2012) We have to find a way to get these costs down and encourage our fans to drive to and park at the arenas. Its hard for some NFL fans to leave the game without taking some merchandise home. Team jerseys and caps are popular choices. We definitely indirect request our merchandise to be affordable so that our brand and logo gets out into the community.The report found that the average price for a cap is $21.38, and to keep the kids happy, two will be purchased for $42.76. (Yahoo sports 2012) There has to be a way to get these costs down. The averages add up to nearly 500 dollars for a family of four. This is a very expensive afternoon or evening out. That is a lot of money for the average family to spend in a single afternoon and discouraging for families working a tight budget. Arena football is fun, hard hitting and high scoring and moldiness be an affordable venture for families to enjoy.In order for a franchise like this to be successful, the function people in the right come to the fores doing the right things is essential. The owners must place executives in the right positions to lead. The General manager is a position that has a lot of duties, they must make sure the market and sales staff is in place, they must in addition hire a conductor of football operations, this persons job could have many duties as hearty, in most organizations this person handles game day operations, scheduling, travel, and player relations. There is likewise the head coach, he oversees the coaching staff and delegates those responsibilities. A budget must be managed, the right coaching staff and player personnel must be in place, the right players have to be chosen, and the team must be marketed and advertised in a correct way.I will be presenting to the board the addition of a couple of programs and personnel important for an indoor football team that may get overlooked. That operation will be a Game Day ply and Ops crew. We will ne ed a game day staff to help coordinate half epoch and down time events in order to keep fans involved. We need this staff to help time out a game day script that will tell coaches and players when they can and cant be on the field and will allow the sponsorship staff a guide to offering sponsorships as they can determine how much exposure they will receive. They will too coordinate with team sponsors on promotional events like a T-shirt toss or game day give away. Some sponsors will like their logo and name on noisemakers or small footballs that get tossed into the crowd. We will need an suspensor to the equipment manager and trainer. There is equipment that ask to be transported from the teams offices to the arena on every game day.There needs to be someone to help set up the locker rooms for the players and coaches as well as the referees and visiting teams. This will include handing out game day equipment and uniforms as well as making sure water coolers and bottles are fille d for in the locker room and patio areas. We will need to hire a Director of Football operations who can oversee these areas, in addition to these responsibilities the manager will be in charge of updating the website with stats and news as well as player transactions. The director will also handle travel arrangements for the team and hotel accommodations for the visiting teams as well as team meals for both. Thepresence of a director of football acts as an intermediary amidst the general manager and the board and may relieve pressure on a manager by handling aspects away from day-to-day coaching, allowing a manager to focus on performance.In general, the director of football operations is not a shareholder in the club, or holds a nominal stake. This is opposed to another(prenominal) members of the board with whom the director of football will sit. This allows an impartial go- amidst that will not have aslant views. The level of power and influence in the day-to-day and transfe r operations of the club held by a director of football may vary considerably. In some cases, the position may be as a figurehead or as a club ambassador, with transfer dealings, team affairs, squad excerption and day-to-day operations handled exclusively by the manager and his staff. Often, the position in this case is filled by a former famous player. Bobby Charlton at Manchester United is such an example. In such a case, the consumption of the director of football is more one of club promotion and marketing than that of actual control over footballing operations. Employing a well-known football personality in such a position may also be used to enhance the perceived prestige of the club, improving the clubs position in the transfer market. (Wikipedia 2012) The director of footballs job is sometimes compared to that of a general manager in a North American pro sports organization, and often referred to as sporting director or some equivalent in continental Europe.Marketing the team can be a task. There has to be structures in place that will help the team succeed in getting noticed, gaining sponsorships, and selling tickets. Our book discussed a model. The rules that should be observed in a marketing program include Customer principle, Competition rationale, Practice Principle, Cross-Functional Principle, Continuous Improvement Principle, and the Stakeholder Principle (Krotee Bucher, 2007, pp. 474-475). In the indoor football program that I currently work for, marketing is a bulky deal and it seems as if some of these principles are in place. We take into consideration what type of customers we will have, ply to middle-aged men and young kids. We understand what and who we are competing with Florida Everblades are a minor league field ice hockey team that occupies the same arena. We compete with them in the same market. There isalso minor league baseball in town, a group that has games sometimes on the same nights as us.The cross-functional principl e works with the hockey team as well. During their games we are allowed to set up an stateation table and sale season passes and merchandise during their contests. The continuous principle is where we hand out surveys to season ticket holders asking questions about how we can improve. The stakeholder principle helps us as we continue to be the model franchise for the league and the one that other franchises would like to emulate. How the team is perceived in the public eye is vital for its success. The first task for a club is to decide that all forms of public relations will be based on current strengths and the boilersuit missionary work of the company. We want to make sure our targeted group understands exactly what we want to accomplish in all areas. (Krotee March, 2007. p. 457).A company must also know who their audience is and how they can reach them. Ive mentioned before that the indoor football team I work for targets middle-aged men and school aged kids who can bring par ents. We hand out ticket vouchers to kids at local events and schools. Each kid will provided get one voucher. The reasoning behind this is that we understand these kids cant get to the game alone. They have to have someone drive them whether its a parent or older sibling or friend. They will be they paying customer bringing in ticket sales, which without having handed out the voucher, wouldnt have been sold otherwise. The other catch is that the arena will only accept so many vouchers per night. We inform the voucher holder that it is wise to get to the box office in advance of the event to require their ticket.Many dont do this and by the time they get to the arena the allotted totality of free vouchers has been counted. This person is stuck having to now pay for a full price ticket as they will probably not opt to return home. There have been complaints about this program but it is stated by whoever hands out the voucher and on the voucher itself that there will be limited us e. Another aspect of effective public relations is to find out what the customers are thinking, along with what they believe. The team has sent out surveys to season ticket holders with questions about how they can do better.There are also randomly timed questions that go out on social media like, what is your favorite night to watch arena football? This can help when scheduling home games as most people wouldnt want to come on a Monday night because of work obligations.(Krotee March, 2007. p. 457). A fourth aspect of public relations work is deciding what services or programs to offer that will best suit the needs of the intended audience. We try and figure out if most people would rather purchase a hat or tee shirt or would they be more likely to purchase season passes at a discounted invest or buy game to game. (Krotee March, 2007. p. 457). Choosing a good PR representative is also key. Someone who understands the mission is important.All of these aspects will help a new leagu e flourish and remain successful. One more important part to that would be landing some type of television or media deal. The younger, mostly manlike audiences at professional sporting events are an attractive crowd for advertisers, but pro sports can be an expensive buy as we have already mentioned.Advertisers and sponsors reach not only young men but also, because games are less expensive to attend than most pro sports events, families looking for cheap entertainment as well. Advertisers can also get more creative at AFL games than they can at other leagues such as the NFL. The league can handle its own advertising and sponsorship, and individual teams handle some promotions. Arena Football League games are play on 50-yard fields surrounded by cushioned dasher boards that look confusable to those used in hockey. These boards create prime billboard billet where companies that purchase sponsorship can place their name or logo. It would be more appealing to a company to purchase if they knew they would be exposed to a national audience. The season will run from March to August, so that it wont interfere with the NFL season.There are a number of advertising options on and around the playing field, including ads on the boards, 6-by-9-foot turf squares on the field itself, and ads on the jumbotron scoreboards hanging from the center of the ceiling where highlights can be played and the score clock is displayed. Brands can also place patches on player uniforms, decals on helmets, graphics on game balls, or ads on first down markers. Anywhere that there is viewable open space can be covered in advertisement. Other options available in the arena are similar to those seen in other sports, such as signage, static and video ads on the scoreboard, on-field promotions during timeouts and stoppages in play, andconcourse booths that can be used for sampling and fan interaction.Some promotions that I have seen in the past that get fans involved is a football toss from a long way out attempting to win a car by throwing the ball through the drivers side window. The league may also have a title sponsor. For example, the Indoor Football League presented by Bud Light. We could also title the championship game, the third annual Doritos Indoor bowl, similar to how colleges promote bowl games. On-field advertisers can get excess exposure on television. Games may also be televised locally in teams markets, giving on-field advertisers extra eyeballs. The only downer to this would be the argument that fans wont come pay to see a game live when they can watch it in the comfort of their own home for free.We will continue to launch in smaller markets like here in Fort Myers Florida or Rome Georgia. We will not compete in watered-down, saturated markets where local businesses have been bombarded with sponsorship sales and sports marketing teams. Game attendance will be tracked and TV ratings are also used to measure impressions. We will use sponsors pertinent to our target market, they will include telecom, restaurants, insurance, athletic equipment and apparel, hotels, soft drinks and beer. Arena Football League fans are 72 percentage male and 28 percent female, according to Scarborough Research. Sixty-two percent of fans are ages 18-49 and 33 percent are 18-34. Forty-six percent of fans have an annual household income below $50,000, with 33 percent between $50,000 and $100,000, and 21 percent above $100,000.The mean household income of AFL fans is just over $72,000. (League Attendance 2012) The success of an indoor football league and franchise is dependent upon having many working parts in place. There must be a realistic budget to work with so that these teams and leagues arent working outside of their means. actor and coach salaries must be realistic in order for these teams to stay alive. Ticket and merchandise costs for fans must be affordable in order to appeal to larger crowds.The venues must work with the individual teams to keep costs down. They must make parking costs and vending costs affordable so that fans and families will attend more than one event per year. There has to be a good marketing team that understands the mission is to not only make the team money, but appeal to fans and gain stay from the local community. It will be the leaguesresponsibility to broaden that market by adding television and media exposure. Finally, there needs to be a good PR program in place so that a good relationship between the team, league, and its fans remain.ReferencesKrotee, M., Bucher, C. (2007). Management of physical education and sport (13th Ed.). Boston McGraw Hill. ISBN 0072972920.Wikipedia The free encyclopedia. FL Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved December 9, 2012, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_footballArena Football League Attendance Needs Some Help Fan Opinion by Eric R. Ivie Yahoo Contributor Network Wed, Apr 11, 2012 312 PM EDT, retrieved on December 9, 2012 from http//sports.y ahoo.com/news/arena-football-league-attendance-needs-help-fan-opinion-191200000.htmlNFL game-day costs for fans By Daniel Bukszpan CNBC.com Thu, Oct 4, 2012 331 PM EDT retrieved on December 9, 2012 from http//sports.yahoo.com/news/nflnfl-game-day-costs-for-fans.html

Revivalism Essay Example for Free

Revivalism EssayRevivalism is an authentic Afro-Christian religious folk haoma that evolved during the eighteenth to nineteenth century. Initially, it was the native Baptist Christians who joined forces with the Moravians, and early(a)(a) non-conformist churches to become the forerunners of the movement. However, Jamaica was said to have experienced a religious movement called the Great Revival in 1861, which saw the incorporation of much more Afri thunder mug retention in the movement. Pocomania is more African in form while Zion is more Christian oriented. 1Upon preparing to board this journey, I was a slice disgruntled that I had to wake up in the wee hours of the forenoon to go this Watt Town excursion, precisely I still approached with a open mind, though I had an idea of what to expect, seeing that I was already acquainted with quite a few Revivalists. H superstarstly I expected it to be a waste of time, but upon seeing the fellowship of my friends, while waiting o n the buses which were scheduled to take us on our journey it got easier and easier, we engaged in jokes and hymns we swore were Revivalist hymns but Mr. greyish quickly busted our bubble and told us that those hymns were Pentecostal.We were greeted by a semi-pleasant but slow bus driver, but the vibe in our bus quickly took our minds off the length of the journey. I view Revivalists as extremely religious heap who be in tune with liquor with from various realms, known as Heaven, nation and Ground spirit realms, I met with a lot of disparate Revivalists, but what I found rather interesting was the fact that the core of what they were saying were similar but they were also many subtle differences, For shell I met with a man, whose name is Joseph Whitter, of the Olivette Seventh twenty-four hour periodlight church. nd he seemed to be quite esteem in the church community, he blatantly stated at the beginning of the conversation that, Revivalism is the only demeanor to be s aved, we had a long drawn out discussion on what are my individual(prenominal) views on religion and the opening didactics he made, where I told him that I strongly disagree with that statement and I mean that there is only one God and peace and love is the ultimate goal, which everyone should turn out to achieve, no matter what religion one identifies with.I then met with Miss. Barbara Harper of the same church, Olivette Seventh day church, and she stated that deal should go to any church they want to go to and do anything that is truly delight to God, when I mentioned what her church brother thought about the same thing, she said that there is no one way to get to heaven and that people spend more of their time in competition with other denominations and religions rather than giving praises to the most high.I laughed a bit and I was in total discernment with her statement. We then started to talk about her life, and how she was before she identified that Revivalism was for her, I could see that the movement actually helped her and change her life, before moving on I thanked her for being so honest and reasoning with me, telling her that I would listen to her talk any day for she had a liberal and open mind and I short hated radical minded people, who try to force their doctrines and beliefs down peoples throats.When we finally arrived at Watt Town, later on our extra long journey I had no idea of what I was about to witness, the site was corresponding nothing I had seen before, I was greeted by what had seemed to be hund rubors of people, I discovered that Watt Town was having what had seemed alike(p) an inter -church convention. I saw children from various schools and young adults like our selves there to see this feat.One of the kickoff things I detect about the Revivalists was they were wearing different uniforms in different styles and colours, I wondered and asked why were they robed like this and a kind lady told me that each church was r epresented by different uniforms. The mold is the focal point of the church this is where the angels are countd to manifest themselves. This is the most sacred area of the ground and is a welcoming tool.The seal is a dominant feature in all revivalist churches because the seal encourages spirits which come and possess the members, enabling them to carry out their works of healing and worship. It is advised that one should notch around the seal three times to pay respect to the Tribune God. approximately seals can be seen with silver gray coins in them, this is payment to the spirits for their help. The flags and banners we saw at the front play a very classical role in the revivalism. A tall pole usually marks a revival ground.The flags on the pole are use to attack passing spirits, the attraction of spirits is very important to revivalism because they believe in many spirits and that they can be appeased or summoned to assist in their day-to-day lives. apiece banner has its own purpose. Green means anything of nature, Blue and white means peace, pink love and red stands for the blood of Jesus. Upon venturing to the top of the structure, most pebbles started to rain from a roof top, somewhat hitting my judgment, not reasonableness anything about what was going on yet, I didnt take kindly to this, that confused me a bit more than I already was.When a group of us finally got to the top we noticed the different worship circles/prayer group, and I was pleased by some as I saw some circles which were mixed with members of different churches, this showed me that pride was not an issue and did not hinder worship, and the main goal, magnifying the most high, I stood in amazement right next to two worship circles and I heard various choruses, some I had heard before, some I had not, I was familiar with songs such as Madda de great pit got to move and Rock oh Rock holy, rock oh Rock holy.Being a musician I enjoyed this aspect of the excursion, identifying th e keys and the chord progressions that would go with their simple but effective melodies. I noticed that even though their uniforms were different, they had many things in common, I noticed that many of them had head wraps with various pieces of stationery in the wraps, I laughed at this sight because I thought they were taking notes or something, but as I went on and I learned more I discovered that the pencils, rulers and scissors that I saw resting in their head wraps had special significance.The pencils and rulers signifies healing among the followers, the scissors were carried around by a specific set of people, known as the healers, who use the scissors to literally cut evil from around the persons being healed, as demonstrated to us by a young man named Otis. A few of the Revivalists were also seen carrying around a rhythm ruler, this was given to people who had been living a righteous life and who were slated to be married.We saw some people washing their face with sugar wa ter, this was said to bring clearance and purity, the prayer shawl was said to represent the population of Judah, as we learned that, like the Rastafarians there was a lot of African roots in Revivalism also, and they used red green and gold to identify with Ethiopia and Ghana. When I inquired about a lamp I saw an antique woman carrying around, she said that the lamp also represents healing and spiritual light because revivalists dont walk in the darkness. These healing symbols were brought from Africa with the slaves and became an integral part of the revivalist healing services.As a result the present day revivalist has maintained the practice. I asked some Revivalists of their actual occupations and from the replies I found out that they were either day workers, higglers or fishermen, (more than likely belonging to the lower class) I saw that this must have contributed to the scornful manipulation by mainstream and middle/upper class Christians, They consider them to be highl y superstitious, pagan, primitive and comical in ritual behaviors especially when they suspect them of practicing obeah. The disdain heaped on the lower class involved in revivalism can be traced to colonialism.Stratification was practiced on the plantation not only from the perspective of whites to none whites or but also among the blacks. The free slave felt himself above the house slave who felt they were splendid to the field slaves and there was further stratification in that group depending on the gang to which they belong. Seaga, in his literature in the 1980s explained that Revivalism also has different levels within its structure. There is the Leader who is the central figure of greatness below the leader are the armour bearer, shepherd boy and mother.The leader is never usually questioned on the reason for ritual observances. The ritualistic forms of Revivalism takes three major forms such as prayer come across, street meeting and rituals for specific purposes for examp le tables, altars and baths. The meetings are usually opened to the public. Revivalism is divided into two groups, Zion and Pocomania, Pocomania is more African in form while Zion is more Christian oriented. they are referred to as 2 different spiritual groups the 60 and 61, the 60 spirit (Zion) are persons who believe in only one God, the Heavenly spirits, archangels, saints and angels. ho are viewed as firmly rooted and committed Christian. The 61 (Pocomania) spirit comprises of individuals who take commands from earth-bound spirits are the go Angels (satanic powers), from God and from The Ground spirits are those of the human dead that are not biblically mentioned. I noticed that the people of the 60 spirit, look down the 61 in a way which gave me a sense of segregation between both of the groups. I noticed that like other Christians, Revivalists also go on fasting sessions but they cant just get up and fast they have to be ordered by the holy spirit.Also apart a Revivalists cu lture includes heavy usage of flowers they believe that when you place the flowers in water and go to sleep you dream see your future, whether it brings destruction or fortune. Some of my views on Revivalists were different after the trip, previously I thought that, Revivalists only went to church like other Christians and the worship was similar but I was mistaken, I also thought that they used instruments but I discovered that their bodies were their instruments, stomping and grunting to help them keep time and to provide percussive sounds.In my opinion the greatest salute Revivalists can give to the Jamaican culture, is their sense of unity, having being bashed for many many years, I saw that these people remained strong and stood firm for what they believe. That is what many religions and people of Jamaica need to survive through good times and bad, this was what I took away from the journey, and if I didnt take anything else, I was glad I took this quality from the Revivalists , unity is forte and they will forever be a constant reminder of that value.

Ishmael Bernal and Religious Interpretations Essay Example for Free

castaway Bernal and Religious Interpretations EssayIshmael Bernals fritters have received countless acknow takegements by means ofout the years because of his unequaled style of working out patterns of signic details (Lumbera 25). And through these patterns, Bernal was able to portray his views on things as an auteur. This paper examines his interpretations of holiness and religious activities through his scoots. entirely this completely includes three of his works Manila by Night (1980), Himala (1982), and Hinugot sa Langit (1985). These three gets devotional approaches argon analyzed by both their mise-en- outlook and fabula. On that note, religious belief as tackled in this paper only pertains to the Philippine religion of Christianity/universality, since Bernals photographs appear to be only on the Catholics view. How did Bernal attack Catholicism? Why did he represent the countrys just about widespread religion in that manner? What are the implications of his wo rks on the era during such films were distri buted? How do these films affect the contemporary time? And what do these films impose on the society and on the religion legal age of it believes in?Hence, this paper has these films examined through the eyes of a spectator, and relates that analogy to Bernals own philosophies as an auteur. godliness in Mise-En-Scene and Iconographies Through the apparatus theory, Bernals religious interpretations in his works can be examined. Ponsfords Film Theory and Language from media. edusites. co. uk says apparatus theory suggests that film is created to illustrate different ideas and that e verything has meaning raze starting from the camerawork up to the editing.Manila by Night is a drama film made by Bernal in 1980. It is a multiple-charactered film where the characters existences in the city were unveiled as they live by the inhuman treatment of drugs, poverty, adultery, and lust. In Manila by Night, Bernal constantly used iconographies an d effigies of presage entities in several sex scenes through elaborate camerawork and editing. An example is a scene where a couple (Adelina, played by Moreno and Pebrero, played by Ojeda) who routinely cheated on each other made love while religious icons peered over them (Santos 21). at that place is another sex scene where instead of figures, Bernal focused a shot on a coronal necklace worn by the indolent college guy wire (Alex, played by Martinez) for a few seconds just forrader he had premarital sex with his daughterfriend (Vanessa, played by Alajar). Bernal not only used these icons in sex scenes. In one scene where the neurotic mother of Alex, Virgie (Solis), trashed their home when she found out he was doing drugs, multiple shots of religious statues were shown simultaneously with the scene of flying plates and broken furniture in the screen.Hinugot sa Langit also has a remarkable mise-en-scene in terms of religious interpretations. It is a film about infidelity, unwan ted pregnancy, and spontaneous abortion. In the scene where Carmen (Soriano) was rushed to the hospital after attempting to commit suicide, the disparity between the two conflicting characters of Aling Juling (Solis) and Stella (Austria) was clearly depicted. Aling Juling, being the sanctimonious that she was, gave the feeble Carmen her Holy Bible, hoping that it helps Carmen as it did to her.Seconds after Aling Juling left the room, Stella put a bag of apples on top of the bible as she jokingly referred to it as holy mansanas (apples) which may be interpreted as the apple Eve took from the treacherous snake in the Garden of Eden. The style Bernal had in Manila by Night was still used in Hinugot sa Langit. There was the scene of Mang Davids (Ventura) nestlings set moody where an image of Christ hung over Carmen and Mang Davids backs as they talked about the latters debts from Aling Juling.Theres still that style but other sightings of the religious icons and statues were not sh own in that ambiguous manner some(prenominal)to a greater extent instead they were shown conspicuously to prove a point like every time Aling Juling conducted prayer meetings and holiness time. The irony in showing religious images and sinful acts simultaneously is an evident symbolism of the societal lip service towards faith and Christianity. Morality Issues on Manila by Night, Himala, and Hinugot sa Langit These three films are all packed with theology looses and what are morality issues if at that place is no religion?Morality, I believe, is bound by the norms and rules of whatever religion an individual believes in. Therefore, heap do what for them is right because the religion they keep their faith in tells them to do so. Himala is a story of a girl named Elsa (Aunor) who claims to have seen the cursed Virgin Mary on the top of the very hill where she was found by her non-biological mother years ago when she was still a baby. Since indeed Elsa started to bring rou nd people through the use of the power that was allegedly bestowed upon her by the Virgin Mary.She was situated in a small town called Cupang where the soil was always dry because of a curse from long time ago. Since then people came flocking to Elsas house to seek treatment from her miracles. She had her own followers and a bunch of detractors. In the end, when she exampled piles of troublesfrom not being able to heal anymore to being raped on with her best friend who later on committed suicideshe came clean and announced that there is no miracle, that it is the people who create their own miracles.She was shot dead at that same moment. The morality issues in this film is particularly apparent during the time when documentarist Orly (Manikan) battles with himself whether to have Elsa and Chayongs (Centeno) rape video shown to the public. In the end he seeks help from the priest, which only made it clear that his decisions still depended largely on the Catholic opinion level off though he was a self-proclaimed atheist right from the start. Manila by Night touches more morality issues than Himala.Since it is a film using a multiple-character format, the struggles each persona faces vary. There was a cheating guy (Pebrero), a liar prostitute (Adelina), a hypocritical ex-prostitute (Virgie), a happy-go-lucky gay (Manay Sharon), a dope-pusher homosexual (Kano), a blind whore (Bea), a college dropout (Alex), and his girlfriend (Vanessa). Their characters differ from each other but whats uncanny about it was that their lives intertwine one way or another.Set in the city during a time when peoples freedom was being suppressed, these characters faced the question of what to do in time like that. Whether they hold on to their principles and sift to live for the good or just continue their false lives to be able to endure everything and coexist. In a country where Catholicism is dominant, what Bernal showed in Manila by Night questions the values the religion uph olds for its followers.The ending of the film where after all the mayhem that happened in the city during the past night seemed to be forgotten and the characters are portrayed as monotonous citizens living their routinely-charged lives is a strong point for proving how people trapped in the confusion of whats good or wickedness can act as two-faced individuals who even offtually become victims of the system. Hinugot sa Langit, on the other hand, tackles a more brazen topic thats related to religion abortion.When Carmen found out she was having Jerrys (Tantay) child, she was faced with only two options one is to keep it and the other is to abort. The problem the film earlier gave was that Jerry was already married with mortal else and he made it clear right from the start that he didnt want anything to do with the child Carmen was carrying. This, on top of the incessant urging of her straightforward cousin Stella, pushed Carmen to the edge of option number two. hardly her landla dy, Aling Juling, insisted otherwisesaying abortion is a sin to God.As Carmens pregnancy became relatively immediate to three months (which is the point when a mere embryo becomes human according to the abortionist) she began thinking about the issue of whether abortion is already an act of killing or not. But eventually, she chose to have abortion. Near the end of the film where she pounded on Mang David for stabbing Aling Juling to death, Bernal used a brilliant camera shift from Mang Davids staring face to Carmens while she was yelling, Wala kang karapatang pumatay ng tao You have no right to murder anyone ), as if giving the source a reason to say that she did not have any right to kill her child either. As Oggs Cruz put it in his blog, Hinugot sa Langit may be branded as preachy and anti-abortion but in reality, the film has side stories that suggest a more pressing issue societal hypocrisy. This is not only apparent in the abortion issue but also in Aling Julings actions. I ts just that, as Cruz again puts it, abortion is the most telling of issues.The Philippines being a prominently Catholic commonwealth declares abortion as criminally and morally wrong yet funnily, the practice is unwrittenly accepted among women who are time-pressed with a decision. Elsa and Aling Juling piece of music Manila by Nights interpretations of religion banks largely on its mise-en-scene, what Bernal created in Himala and Hinugot sa Langit were characters who seemed to embody the divine and through them, Bernal showed how false devotions and idolatry can be misleading.Elsas alleged involvement with the apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary made her just as acred as the holy mother of Christ in the peoples eyes. She became, in an obvious way, the peoples source of blind faith that led them to their own pits of darkness as shown in the last part of the film where healthy and sick people alike experienced a stampede that caused them physical pain. This false faith is also ostensible in Aling Julings character in Hinugot sa Langit. Even from the start of the film, her character already proved to be a hypocrite. She dressed conservatively, regularly attended prayer and worship meetings, firmly discouraged Carmen to do an abortion, and constantly r about the Divine.But she also wanted to have the informal settlers removed from her land at any cost just to be able to build a chapel, claiming it is for the greater good. Aling Juling proved to be the arrant(a) devotee, but failed to act as a true child of God for the other people and there lies the biggest fallacy built in her persona. There was also one scene where Carmen and Aling Juling went into a brief wow match about how should the former handle her problems.In the one line of Carmen saying, Ano pa bang relish Niya (pertaining to God), ano pa bang gusto mo? What else does He want, what else do you want? ), the character of Aling Juling seemed to be a symbolism of the god Carmen had come to believ e in. Instead of the all-powerful, all-knowing One, because of her problems, Carmen landed on believing Aling Julings preaching as that of Gods. Elsa and Aling Juling both died at the end, and both by being brutally attacked. What I see in this phenomenon is the attempt to kill off the wrong and misrepresentative beliefs brought about by these two characters, and in all likelihood the only way Bernal suggests to do that is through a vicious, one-time manner.Bernal as Auteur This paper is not about Bernal but about the works of Bernal. But since he is an auteur, understanding his background is essential in understanding the concepts empennage his works. The auteur theory proposes that the handler is the author of the film and that the director is the primary creative source, therefore the films produced express the directors distinctive vision of the world (Pramaggiore and Wallis 398).Therefore, his politics mirror his representation of religion, thus making his films a reflection of his own beliefs. According to Bayani Santos Bernal as Auteur, Ishmael appreciated the values of Gregorio Aglipay and Catholicism. He also look up to the disciplines of Iglesia Ni Cristo but criticized it for its exploitation of religion in politics. It was also said that he respected Catholicism as faith, but always qualified it with a historical reminder of its political and economic crimes against the nation (Santos 19).It was also said in the same article that Bernals view of shallow Catholicism among Filipinos as incidents of Philippine life was not just mocking jibes against superficial religiosity but rather consummate descriptions, as synecdochical of Philippine reality and having the satirical dissemble arrive after a recognition by the audience that, indeed, the descriptions are us (21). Bayani continued on to saying that Bernals politics are deeply buried in many of his works (31). His politics involve not only his said(prenominal) views on Philippine religion bu t also his involvement in communism.This notion is perceivable in the three films being analyzed by this paper. In Manila by Night, Bernal took jibes on Martial police force more than anything. In Hinugot sa Langit, he showed the desperate situation of the poor in a script that conscientiously avoided overt political commentary (31). In Himala he managed to speculate a Marxist view of religion as an opiate when Elsas death became a dismaying reversion to mass cult and fanaticism (31). Bernals Films then and now These three films were produced during the second golden age of the Philippine picture show, during the years that mark off the end of the Marcos Martial Law regime.Bernals films were acclaimed during those times because both the films and timing were apt to belong to the cinema that recognizes the struggle as the most gigantic cultural, scientific, and artistic manifestation our time, the third cinema (Solanas and Gettino 47). This is what makes Bernals films everlastin g. The impact these films made during those times were huge. Bernal revealed how the Marcos regime exploited the Filipinos. This is overtly seen in Manila by Night, where his depiction of the mantic city to signify the New Society is the exact opposite of it.The term New Society claimed that the tyranny had eradicated corruption and transformed Philippine society (Lumbera 359). This same New Society was also exploited, although for good reasons, by Bernal in his film Himala. According to Lumbera, Himala criticized the manipulative religiosity of this society which drew the peoples vigilance away from the realities of poverty, violence, and moral decay (359). This, however, is still manifested in the present time. There is this one scene in Himala that is applicable to both the past and present times.When people started coming to Cupang for Elsa and Elsas apostles used the water Elsa pleased for profit, it was a hypocritical move on the side of Elsa and her followers to lure peop le into giving them bullion when all they were meant to do in the first place was to offer treatment for everyone who asked for it. The past screams about the arty New Society and the present stages the scene in real life whenever such religious items or services that are supposed to help them are still sold for amounts to the people. (e. . a priests service fees, blessed rosaries, mass guides) Another thing that might have helped in the success of Himala is the fact that superstar Nora Aunor played the lead role. In the Noranian Imaginary, it is said that Himala is as much about the popular hysteria mediated by the idol Nora Aunor as it is about the mass hysteria endemic to Catholicism as held by many (Tadiar). People saw Elsa in Nora and Nora in Elsathe same poor, unfortunate protagonist who strive against all odds to defend herself and achieve goals.In these times, Nora may not be that same girl many Filipinos used to idolized, but the imprint she left on Elsas character is so know to almost every Filipino as that girl who everyone admired. Elsas death at the end of the film may be read as liberation from such faith, since she made confessions about the inexistence of miracles prior to his death. But the peoples continuous idolatry in her after she passed away seems to be a symbol of the people of todaythose who still continue hang on to false hope and devotion even after such devotion proves to be wrong.As Patrick Flores puts it in Himala Fall of Grace, Himala is against the miracle and it is against the cinema. Hinugot sa Langit, lastly, also speaks of a timeless issue in Catholicism abortion. The values the film imbibes a great impact on the beliefs of the legal age of the Filipino citizen. The question of whether abortion is or is not an act of murder is still being debated upon until today. Bernals films speak of ageless and timely issues concerning the Filipino people and thats what makes his films succeed not only in the era during which it was manufactured, but also in the present time.

The Boston Beer Company Essay Example for Free

The capital of Massachusetts Beer c all in aller-up sampleThe capital of Massachusetts Beer Company has had amazing success in its transition from a fine home base microbrewer to a oversized scale national brewery. Al virtually all of the partys success is due to the surface-to-air missileuel Adams laager product line, which has hardly changed from the founding of the beau monde in 1984, to the IPO in 1995, to the present day. In fact, overmuch of the raise of surface-to-air missileuel Adams comes from its microbrew image and the founder, Jim Kochs, commitment to the create from raw material process and a subsidy beer. In recent years, however, the conjunction has implemented a new schema for growth which has included introducing a light beer that go a itinerary give way more than mainstream appeal. slice this has increased profits for the caller-up, it has also left the come with vulner able to entry by diluting its brand name. For this reason, the familys d odge for the immediate future has to make a significant shift, from a system of growth to a strategy of protection. It must counsel on saying its current profits by preventing entry both(prenominal) from small breweries looking to copy the BBCs strategy and from self-aggrandising breweries looking to engage their noble-minded resources to steal some of BBCs food market sh atomic bout 18. History of Boston Beer The Boston Beer Company began as a microbrewery in Boston, Massachusetts in 1984.Its first cases of beer were whole sold to Boston restraints, plainly the high society quickly branched out geographically. Fueled by awards and recognition from prestigious beer festivals, surface-to-air missileuel Adams Boston Lager was unattached on much of the East Coast by the late 1980s and nationally by 1992. The club went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1995. The Boston Beer Companys strategy for growth was one of differentiation. The society created a spunkyer typesetters case beer than the studyity of American beers by use more expensive ingredients and less water, and it used its packaging and its commercials to advertise this commitment to uality.In fact, because of its use of only barleycorn, hops, yeast, and water as its ingredients, Samuel Adams won the honor of being the first American beer to be sold in Germany, a distinction that serveed its image in America even more. One business strategy that the partnership employed as it started to grow was using extra brewing space in a nonher(prenominal) companys breweries to brew their beer. Since the company was growing at a double digit rate, it didnt drop a lot of extra capital to build its own breweries, so this was a good strategy for them during their period of growth.And, since these breweries were distributed throughout the country, this strategy allowed the Boston Beer Company to maximize the freshness of the beer it sold. In fact, the now celebrated practice of printing a freshness label on bottled beer was started by the Boston Beer Company on its Samuel Adams Boston Lager. The company ensured spirit production in these disperse breweries by hiring experienced brewmasters to oversee the develop brewing. The company also brewed some beer on its own property, both in Boston and later in a plant they purchased in Cincinnati, Ohio.In 2002, the company took a risk by introducing Sam Adams demoralise, a light beer version of their Samuel Adams Lager. They had never produced a light beer before, and it was Kochs stance that the company couldnt brew a light beer that would be up to their standards of flavor. The expanded customer base that the company would target with the trade of a light beer was too lucrative a market to ignore, however, and the light beer market was almost bleak of any em residuum Beers, so after three years of development Sam Adams clear up was born.The denote expenditures for 2002 increased by 25. 7% or $20. 6 million over 2 001 due to the promotion of Sam Adams arc2, which magnified the financial risk of producing and selling it. The new beer had the short term effect of attracting new consumers to the Samuel Adams brand, although the tenacious term effect has yet to be seen. The growth of the Boston Beer Company was very impressive, and can be attributed to a superior product, good business strategy, and an unsaturated market for high-quality beer. But now in that respect be new challenges facing the company.There are always new fads in the beer industry current trends are low-carb beers and fruityflavored malt drinkables. The Boston Beer Company needs to decide which of these trends to respond to, and how to respond to each. Above all the company needs to continue its strategy of differentiation that allowed it to achieve its current profitability. It is its image for quality above major American beers like Budweiser, Coors, and Miller that allows it to keep its prices, and its profits, high. Cu rrent Industry Analysis The Boston Beer Companys product is a break off beer.A better beer is defined as each a wiliness beer or an import, and is characterized by higher prices and quality. A trick beer is defined as one which is brewed with 100% process barley as its grain. The major American beer companies typically use a mixture of malted barley along with other grains much(prenominal) as rice or corn, since these are less expensive and postulate less full-bodied flavors. Rivals in the better beer industry include such foreign companies as Corona, Heineken, and Guinness, as advantageously as domestic companies such as Sierra Nevada, Petes, and a number of microbreweries around the country.While the beer industry overall is very rivalrous, the better beer industry is not so, as evidenced by high profit margins (the Boston Beer Company routinely posts profit margins of over 50%). The contention that does exist tends to wheel around quality competition rather than price c ompetition. There are numerous substitutes for better beer. each(prenominal) alcoholic beverages are substitutes for the Boston Beer Companys product, although the two closest substitutes are major American beers and flavored malt beverages wine and spirits are less relevant substitutes for the purposes of this analysis.Budweiser, Coors, and Miller are all large brand name beers which have low prices and low quality compared to better beers. Price sensitive consumers typically buy these beers. Smirnoff Ice, Skyy Blue, and Bacardi Silver are all similarly priced to the better beers, but they have fruitier flavors and thitherfore appeal to consumers with a different taste preference. The suppliers for the Boston Beer Company are similar to the suppliers for any brewery. Supplies that must be purchased include the ingredients like water, barley and hops, the equipment for brewing, and the transportation for distributing beer around the country.The ingredients are actually very inexpen sive compared to the other two costs, and suppliers of barley and water enduret have a lot of bargaining effect since these industries are fragmented. The hops industry, however, is more centralized. In order to ensure adequate hops supplies at prices cognise in advance the company regularly purchases hops futures. The company also employs an aggressive contract brewing strategy. Under this policy almost 60% of the companys products are brewed at noncompany owned breweries.By utilizing the excess capacity of geographically distributed reweries, the company can keep equipment and transportation costs low part providing a fresher and thus higher quality product. This brewing approach carries inherent risks by good-looking potential rivals some control over the companys production capacity. Indeed the company is soon involved in a lawsuit with Miller after Millers attempt to ass out of a brewing contract early. To protect itself from these risks the company enters into contracts with a diverse set of brewers for a much larger meat of beer than they actually produce.This redundant capacity is meant to shield the company from any number of contract brewers defaulting on their contracts. Buyer bargaining power doesnt have significant influence on the Boston Beer Company since their buyers are grocery stores and bars. The grocery industry and the bar industry are both fragmented, so each store or bar that buys from the Boston Beer Company comprises a very small amount of total company sales, and the loss of any one buyer wont significantly hurt the company.Complements in the better beer industry include the popularity of bars, snack foods like pretzels and nachos, and sporting events like football game games. While the Boston Beer Company doesnt provide any of these complements, they do provide some amount of customer education. node education includes advertise awards the company has won, advertising their brewing processes, and calling attention to thei r premium ingredients. This serves to convince people of the superior quality of Samuel Adams, thereby convincing them to pay a premium price.Customer education is a fairly clever and successful strategy for a number of beer companies, but it benefits better beers more than lower quality beers, so the Boston Beer Company could probably take advantage of this by focusing more on customer education. The BBC also has an advantage over small high-quality breweries because its economy of scale allows more customers to be reached per dollar spent on customer education. Any company in the beverage industry has the potential to enter Samuel Adams market, and it is always crucial for a company to be sensible of practicable entry from all sides.Companies that make wine, spirits, or malt beverages could all enter the market, and we have actually seen in recent years that spirits companies have been expanding into new markets by producing malt beverages under the name of the nourish spirits company. However, the most dangerous potential entrants would be other beer companies. Other craft breweries that sell their beer on a small scale might attempt to copy the BBCs strategy to grow into a national brand and steal some of BBCs market share.Also, major American breweries could use their expansive resources to brew high quality beers that could compete with Samuel Adams on a national level. A third, and even more threatening possibility, would be the combination of these two forces a major brewery could buy a high quality microbrewery and use their national advertising and distribution infrastructure to market the microbrew to the public on a large scale. Given the Boston Beer Companys high profit margins and the relatively low level of rivalry within their market, it is very likely that entry will occur and erode away at BBCs profits if BBC is unprepared.We believe that responding to this possibility should be at the forefront of the companys business strategy for the im mediate future. The Boston Beer Companys Strategy Using Reputation as an Entry prohibition The BBCs initial strategy was one of growth. This was fitting for it when it was a microbrewery looking to gain national and world-wide sales. During its expansion in the early 1990s, the company took advantage of the fact that consumer demand for craft beers was increasing, while there were few other companies doing the same.Since the new market was unsaturated, the Boston Beer Company was able to earn an inexpensive constitution for its Samuel Adams brand name by being the first large scale mover into the national craft beer market. By the late 1990s, the BBCs growth rate had begun to gloaming. In an effort to keep up growth, the company switched to a strategy of trying to increase the demand for craft beer. It did this through large scale advertising, and most significantly through the first appearance of a light beer that brought light beer drinkers over to the better beer market.The Boston Beer Companys strategy was an effective one for many years, and enabled it to become the profitable national company that it is today. However, if the BBC wants to maintain its profitability, it will need to find a way to protect its market share from entrants, and this will imply a shift in the companys strategy back to increasing its share of the Better Beer market rather than of the mainstream market. The biggest threats to the BBC are the major American beer companies, which have massive resources that would allow them to compete with the BBC.The BBCs two advantages over these major companies are experience and reputation, and the major companies could easily gain experience by buying an existing craft beer company and utilizing its brewing procedures. Therefore, the BBC must protect its reputation at all costs, since its reputation is the only formidable entry barrier preventing Budweiser, Coors, and Miller from successfully invading Samuel Adams market. The companys be st strategy would be to slow their growth in order to work on alter their Samuel Adams Boston Lager brand name.Additionally, if the BBC diminishes its focus on growth, it could very well have the effect of simplification the incentive for these three major companies to enter the craft beer market, since the BBC will not be seen as so significant a threat. While there is a risk that slowing growth will submit the company vulnerable to entry by smaller companies, it is the large companies that have the most resources to compete with the BBC, so reducing the incentive for large companies to enter is worth the possible risk that more small companies will enter.The uniqueness and integrity that allowed the Samuel Adams brand to gain popularity are starting to be overshadowed by the companys attempts to gather more mainstream consumers, and this is hurting the companys brand name. The strategy for the future needs to focus on building back customer loyalty for the companys core product line, i. e. Samuel Adams Boston Lager. First and foremost, the Boston Beer Company needs to continue reducing its expenditures on Sam Adams swallow.During the introduction of Sam Adams Light in 2001-02, revenues and gross profit increased, but expenditures on advertising Sam Light were exceedingly high, and much of the sales of Sam Light were thought to be due to cannibalism of Samuel Adams Boston Lager. In 2003 when advertising of Sam Adams Light was decreased, sales of the light beer dropped significantly. Although Samuel Adams Boston Lager sales increased during the period amidst the fourth quarters of 2002 and 2003, overall shipments dropped 6% during this period3 because of the lowered demand for Sam Light after the decline of the Sam Light marketing campaign.However, even though sales were lower, net income was higher after the end of the marketing campaign4. The company should therefore continue to keep its advertising levels for Sam Adams Light low. In admittance to the high financial cost of advertising Sam Adams Light, it is likely that the large-scale marketing of Sam Adams Light could hurt the company in the long run by diluting the Samuel Adams brand name. The purpose of Sam Light is to appeal to mainstream beer drinkers, but the companys consumer base is comprised of individuals who pride themselves on drinking a beer that is not mainstream.With potential entrants looming from above and below, the Boston Beer Company can not afford to lose its reputation for uniqueness. Still, Sam Light is a good revenue stream as a supplement to Samuel Adams Boston Lager, but it should cease to be the companys main focus. The Twisted Tea and Hard Core products are malt beverages that the company produces on a small scale. These brands are unnecessary for the companys success, and if the company adopts a strategy to focus on Samuel Adams Boston Lager then it would be advantageous to hap these products.While the products dilute the companys brand name in a si milar way to Sam Adams Light, they dont provide nearly the revenue that Sam Light does. By either selling or closing down these brand names, the Boston Beer Company can distance itself move on from the malt beverage industry and improve its positioning as a Better Beer company. Dumping these products would help the BBCs image of integrity in the eyes of their consumers, and this image will be crucial if the company is to protect its market share from entrants.There have been a number of attempted entries into the Sam Adams market which demonstrate the need for quality and reputation. Coors owns Killians Irish ruddy and Anheuser-Busch owns Michelob and has a stake in Red Hook, all brands that have had poor success in the Better Beer Market. Most consumers are well aware of the fact that Michelob is just another domestic beer sold at a high price, and so its a brand without much of a quality image. On the other hand, its not well known that Coors owns Killians since its brewed in Ca nada and has an import label.While this abel might signal some quality in many consumers eyes, Killians has no reputation and no customer base. Finally, Red Hook was a quality microbrew ale with a good reputation and customer base that was bought by AB. Since this purchase in 1994 the origination price of Red Hook has plummeted from 30 to 2 and sales have been poor. While the reason for this is not exactly clear, its possible that this failure is due to a loss of integrity that occurred when the microbrew became owned by a major domestic brewer, or that AB simply wasnt able to operate that type of brewery.ABs failure in this attempt doesnt indicate that they will give up on entering the craft beer industry, however, especially if craft beers grow to be more of the national market. With such high profit margins and a strong market position, the BBC might be tempted to increase sales by decreasing prices, but this strategy should definitely be avoided. The high prices for Samuel Adam s Boston Lager and Sam Adams Light signal to consumers and other companies that these beers are of higher quality, and since demand in the Better Beer market is relatively inelastic, there would likely be no increase in net income if prices were reduced.Reducing prices would cause the BBC to appear more of a threat to the three major American beer companies, and could therefore expedite the entry of one of these companies into the market. collectible to the nature of the Better Beer industry, the company needs to strive for quality competition over price competition. With the introduction of Sam Light in 2002 the percentage of BBCs sales comprised of bottles vs. kegs increased since most Sam Light is sold in bottles, and since Boston Lager sales declined slightly. While revenues are lower per barrel of delineate beer, profit margins are higher due to lower costs per barrel.Additionally, beer served on tap is usually able to retain a higher quality than beer served from a bottle. F or these reasons and others, it would be a good strategy for the Boston Beer Company to increase its emphasis on selling its beer in kegs to bars. While most grocery stores already carry Samuel Adams Boston Lager, there are still a large number of bars that dont have Boston Lager on draft, and this deprives many consumers of being able to drink the beer in its highest quality form while also depriving the company of the added revenue that bar sales bring in.Since the companys new focus needs to be on emphasizing the quality of its beers, increasing the availableness of its draft beer is in line with its strategy. An added benefit of increasing prevalence in bars is the opportunity for mixologist education and consequent consumer education. The company should seriously consider providing literature about their beer along with the kegs that they sell to bars, since educating bar owners and bartenders about the premium ingredients and freshness standards that the company holds will ha ve a trickle-down effect to the beer drinkers.